This
week’s journey by county through the archaeology of Pennsylvania takes us to
south central Pennsylvania and York County. This county is predominately
situated in the Piedmont Upland section of the Piedmont Physiographic zone with
a small section of the Piedmont Lowland section transecting the northern part
of the county. The region is characterized by northeast-southwest trending
uplands of rounded hills dissected by relatively narrow valleys. The eastern
border of the county is formed by the Susquehanna River and the western border
is essentially the Great Valley section.
All streams drain into the Susquehanna River and the major tributaries
are the Conewago, the Cordorus and Muddy Creek.
York
County has a rich and complicated history. It was first occupied by Europeans
in the late 1600’s. It was claimed by both the Maryland and Pennsylvania
colonies. This actually resulted in an armed conflict, Cresap’s War, and only
officially ended with the drawing of the Mason-Dixon Line. During the
Revolutionary War, the City of York served as our nation’s capital while
Philadelphia was occupied by the British. The archaeological record of these
events has been documented at several sites.
The
County has been occupied by Native Americans for at least 11,000 years based on
three sites dating to the Paleoindian period that are recorded in the
Pennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey files. After this period, the density
of sites by time period is similar to other counties with the Late Archaic,
Transitional, Early Woodland and Late Woodland periods being the most common
occupations. The density of sites (at 1 site per 2.08 square miles) is about
average for the Commonwealth which is 1.99/sq. mile. The sites are concentrated
in the northern half of the county, especially along the Conewago Creek and
along the Susquehanna River. However, as is common in the Piedmont
physiographic zone, over half of the sites are in upland settings and not
associated with major streams i.e. streams greater than second order.
The
region contains a variety of lithic (stone) material types that were useful to
Native Americans and this is reflected in the stone tools found on
archaeological sites. The most commonly used lithic material is quartz. This is
not surprising as it is a common bedrock in the county especially south and
east of the City of York. The use of this material was documented in an early
survey conducted in compliance with the National Historic Preservation Act of
1966 in Springettsbury Township were a number of quarry reduction sites were
archaeologically investigated. For a number of reasons, quartz is a difficult
lithic material for archaeologists to analyze but they were able to outline the
process of making tools at these sites.
The
second most common lithic material type used by Native American is
metarhyolite. This material does not outcrop in the county but is found in
large quantities to the west, in Adams and Franklin counties. Metarhyolite was
especially popular for stone tool production during the Transitional period when
it was traded throughout the Middle Atlantic region. Many of the sites in York
County producing metarhyolite are secondary reductions sites. As Native
Americans moved away from the metarhyolite quarries, towards the Susquehanna
River for example, they gradually removed the low quality material from blocks
collected at the quarry, reducing the weight and converting the raw block into
more portable pieces. They also began to shape tools and tool blanks. Typically
during the Transitional period, they worked this material into large (15 cm.
long) bifaces that was used in the trade network.
diagnostic projectile points from 36Yo378
Over
300 archaeological surveys have been conducted in the county and these have
documented an archaeological heritage that otherwise would have been lost. For example, an archaeological investigation involving a
housing development along Conewago Creek produced a multicomponent site that
dated from Middle Archaic to Late woodland times. Unfortunately, plowing and
erosion had adversely affected the integrity of this site and it was not
considered eligible to the National Register of Historic Places.
projectile point assemblage from 36Yo377
One
particularly interesting and productive survey was performed at the Defense
Distribution Center along the Susquehanna River in the northern part of the
county. The project was located on a large, flat, Pleistocene terrace, with
well drained soils. This would have been an ideal location for a prehistoric
occupation but the existing military facility and the Capital City Airport had
long ago covered or destroyed most of the evidence. Archaeological testing
identified a small piece of what was probably a much larger site. The site
(36Yo337) produced a wide variety of tools, projectile points, pottery and
subsurface features such as cooking hearths, storage pits and post molds. The
most common lithic material was metarhyolite. The site seems to have been
intensively occupied from Late Archaic through Late Woodland times at least
seasonally. The most common projectile points and pottery suggest that it was
most frequently occupied during the Early/Middle Woodland period. A radiocarbon
date of 2300+80 BP supports this time of occupation.
As
we have reported in previous blog publications, (but are worth repeating here) three
of the most significant sites in York County are the Upper Leibhart site (aka
Oscar Leibhart - 36Yo9), the Lower Leibhart site (aka Byrd Leibhart - 36Yo170),
and Camp Security. These are all now in public hands and are preserved in
perpetuity. The Leibhart sites date to the latter half of the 1600’s and
represent the last stockaded Susquehannock villages prior to their move to
Maryland and return to the region under the control of the Iroquois
Confederacy. The Upper Leibhart site is owned by the Archaeological Conservancy
and the Lower is owned by York County Parks. They are planning on developing an
interpretive center for this site and others in the area. Camp Security represents
the only existing American prisoner of war camp dating to the Revolutionary
War. This is also now publically owned and preserved for future generations. The
people of York County should be applauded for their successful preservation of
some of the Commonwealth’s most significant cultural resources.
We
hope you have found this journey through the archaeological heritage of York
County interesting. Understanding and exploring our archaeological heritage is
crucial to our understanding of human behavior and our ability to change and
adapt over time - just as the peoples of York County have done for thousands of
years.
This
is the last blog in our county series. Next week we will summarize what has
been learned through this journey across the Commonwealth. In two weeks we will
begin a new blog theme. Please consider
leaving a comment on our blog if there is a particular subject you would like
us to discuss or events you would like us to share. Our goal, as always, is to enrich our
understanding of the past so we can preserve it for the future.
2001
Rue, David J. and Melissa Diamanti
Final Report Phase II Archaeological Survey of Site 36Yo377, Defense Distribution Center, New Cumberland, York County, PA - manuscript on file with the Section of Archaeology, State Museum of PA
For more information, visit PAarchaeology.state.pa.us or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at The State Museum of Pennsylvania .
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