Black History Month: African Americans in the Archaeological Record

We are getting close to February, which we recognize as Black History Month in the United States and Canada. In honor of African American heritage, we will look at an archaeological site that may be tied to the Underground Railroad. This site is important because typically sites associated with the Underground Railroad are hard to distinguish from the surrounding landscape. For example, often people fleeing their enslavers would be concealed inside a basement or hidden chamber within a house. Any potential artifacts would most likely be mingled with the everyday remains of the family occupying that house, making it difficult to distinguish their relationship.

The site we will be discussing is the Slagle site, 36BD0265, located in West St. Clair Township, Bedford County. The Slagle site was discovered by McCormick Taylor, Inc. during Section 106 survey work for roadway improvements of State Route 56. During these investigations, a site was discovered on the early-19^th-century Snook Farm and assigned site number 36BD0217 in the Pennsylvania Archeological Site Survey. The site included both a Precontact lithic reduction component and material culture associated with the 19^th and 20^th century occupations of the farm.

View of the Snook Farm and site 36BD0217 under excavation (Photo Courtesy of McCormick Taylor, Inc.)

The Snook Farm site was determined to be eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and because the site was to be destroyed for the planned road improvements, a Phase III data recovery was undertaken. Approximately 2,000 Native American artifacts were recovered from the site, including projectile points from the Archaic Period (3,800 to 10,000 years ago) and chipping debris, biproducts from the manufacture of stone tools.

Further investigations of the larger Snook Farm property identified the Slagle site (36BD0265), which was located on a slope to the south of the farmhouse in an area of large boulders. The site consisted of a scatter of Precontact lithic artifacts from the Archaic Period (4300-10000 years ago) and oddly, a light scatter of historic artifacts. The historic artifacts seemed to be out of place due to their location within the area of boulders and at a distance upslope overlooking the farmhouse and road. Further research revealed that the farm was used as a stop on the Underground Railroad around 1849-50 and indicated that this scatter of artifacts could be related to this use of the site.  

View of the slope near the Snook Farmhouse (Photo Courtesy of McCormick Taylor, Inc.)

The owners of the Snook Farm in the mid-19^th century were Amos and Sophia Penrose, Quaker farmers and abolitionists who were active in the Underground Railroad. Joseph Penrose was a young boy when he first saw his family working to help people fleeing slavery. He recalled in a 1904 letter that his grandfather Amos Penrose’s farm was the first station on the Underground Railroad, approximately 10 miles north of Bedford. These people were hidden “in a lonely place in the rocks on my grandfather’s farm” where they would be given meals and kept until it was safe to move on to the next station on the road to freedom in Canada.

Portion of the Joseph Penrose 1904 letter describing fleeing enslaved people in the hiding place on his grandfather’s farm (Photo Courtesy of McCormick Taylor, Inc.)

Forty-eight historic artifacts were recovered from the Slagle site, including domestic household goods such as stoneware, whiteware, redware, and creamware dish fragments; a bowl fragment from a smoking pipe; an unknown iron object; a pig’s tooth; and small fragments of animal bone. It is possible that these artifacts represent bowls and dishes used for food consumption, meal remains, and evidence of smoking. Penrose’s letter described visiting the freedom seekers and his grandfather “giving them their meals” in their hiding place.

Artifacts recovered from Site 36BD0265, including stoneware, redware, pearlware, animal bone, and a smoking pipe bowl fragment (photo: PHMC) 

Due to the low number of artifacts, it is unclear if the remains recovered from the Slagle site were actually used by enslaved people seeking freedom. However, considering the context with the location of the site and Joseph Penrose’s letter, this information paints an evocative picture of nervous escaped enslaved people watching the road from Bedford and praying that nightfall would arrive before their former enslavers.

 The proposed road improvements were altered to preserve the Slagle site so it is possible future archaeologists could discover more information about this important site. Archaeology as a science is constantly improving upon methods for examining artifacts and soils and the potential for new techniques that don’t yet exist or the discovery of written records that would shed more light on the work of the Penrose family.

Further descriptions of the archaeological work and the full letter from Joseph Penrose can be found in PennDOT’s booklet 19^th Century Quakers on the Frontier: Archaeological Data Recovery Excavations at the Snook Farm site, 36BD217. (PDF)

If you would like to learn more about efforts to discover and preserve the archaeological heritage of African Americans in the mid-Atlantic region, please visit our YouTube videos recorded during our Workshops in Archaeology 2021, Hidden Stories: Uncovering African American History Through Archaeology and Community Engagement.

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBFESwVOnok

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwWPPNpK0q8  

 

*Thanks to PennDOT Engineering District 10-0 and McCormick Taylor, Inc. for assistance with this blog.

 

-Look for these other titles in the Byways to the Past series, some of which can be accessed here: https://www.penndot.gov/ProjectAndPrograms/Cultural%20Resources/StoriesandHighlights/Pages/default.aspx:

At the Sign of the King of Prussia, Richard M. Affleck

Gayman Tavern: A Study of a Canal-Era Tavern in Dauphin Borough, Jerry A. Clouse

A Bridge to the Past: The Archaeology of the Mansfield Bridge Site, Robert D. Wall and Hope E. Luhman

Voegtly Church Cemetery: Transformation and Cultural Change in a Mid-Nineteenth Century Urban Society, Diane Beynon Landers

On the Road: Highways and History in Bedford County, Scott D. Heberling and William M. Hunter

Industrial Archaeology in the Blacklog Narrows: A Story of the Juniata Iron Industry, Scott D. Heberling

Connecting People and Places: The Archaeology of Transportation at Lewistown Narrows, Paul A. Raber

Canal in the Mountains: The Juniata Main Line Canal in the Lewistown Narrows, Scott D. Heberling

The Walters Business Park Site: Archaeology at the Juniata Headwaters, David J. Rue, Ph.D.

The Wallis Site: The Archaeology of a Susquehanna River Floodplain at Liverpool, Pennsylvania, Patricia E. Miller, Ph.D.

Small is Beautiful: Native American Occupations at Site 36MG378, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, Andrew Wyatt and Barbara J. Shaffer

For additional information:

Jaillet-Wentling, Angela

2019      Archaeology for the People and by the… PennDOT? At Pennsylvania Historic Preservation Blog,  https://pahistoricpreservation.com/archaeology-penndot/ .

 

African American History Month website

2022      African American History Month, https://www.africanamericanhistorymonth.gov/ .

 

National Register of Historic Places website

2022      National Register of Historic Places website for Pennsylvania resources, https://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/pa/state.html#pickem.  

For more information, visit PAarchaeology.state.pa.us or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at The State Museum of Pennsylvania .

A Look at Infant Care Items from the Turn of the 20th Century

Cultural changes in the 19^th century spurred many new choices for mothers caring for infants. Among the new options presented to mothers were artificial infant foods, nursing bottles with rubber nipples, and “soothing syrups” that were aggressively marketed to new mothers. These products, which often made false claims about their safety, were one of many contributing factors to an infant mortality rate that, in some cities, saw 30% of infants die before the age of one. This blog will examine some of the items found during archaeological excavations at one site in Delaware County, Pennsylvania.

 Excavations conducted by Cultural Heritage Research Services, Inc. (CHRS, Inc.) prior to the replacement of the Market Street Bridge in Chichester Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania uncovered a trove of 19^th-early 20^th century domestic wares including personal items, dishes, bottles, toys, and other objects. Among the many infant/child related items were glass baby bottles, food containers, and infant medicine bottles dating to the late-19^th to early-20^th centuries. 

A variety of infant bottles recovered from archaeological investigations at The Market Street Bridge site.

Rubber nipples could be fitted over the lips of these bottles. (Photo courtesy of CHRS, Inc.)

Several styles of nursing bottles were recovered at The Market Street Bridge Site (36De130). Some bottles closely resemble modern bottles with a shallow shoulder and a cylindrical non-rolling design, but others have an oval shaped body that is no longer in use. The artificial nipple, made from India Rubber, was first patented by Elijah Pratt in 1845 was soon adapted for use as a pacifier and with bottles. Poor attention to cleaning bottles and rubber nipples sometimes fostered bacterial growth which could lead to the sickness or death of a child. At the time, the causes behind illness were not widely understood.

Left: A variety of bottle sizes that once contained Eskay’s Albumenized Food (photo courtesy of CHRS, Inc.). Right: An advertisement from Harper’s Magazine Advertiser touting the benefits of Eskay’s Food.

Considering the number of nursing bottles found at The Market Street Bridge Site, it follows that artificial infant food would have been employed. Included in this collection are vessels from Eskay’s Albumenized Food, an infant food developed in late 19^th century Philadelphia by druggist Frank Baum. In 1890 Baum was contracted to produce his product by pharmaceutical firm Smith, Kline & French. An advertising campaign for Eskay’s Food touted its ability to save children from starvation and make them into the picture of health. A 1918 analysis questioning the value of such products identified the main carbohydrates contained in Eskay’s Food as raw arrowroot, starch, and milk sugar. Many early infant foods or “milk modifiers” needed to be mixed with milk. Before the adoption of milk pasturization and before refridgeration was readily available at the beginning of the 20^th century, milkborne diseases were not uncommon and contributed to infant mortality rates. Moreover, variations in milk quality meant that nutritional consistency of milk modifiers was unattainable.

Bottles from medicinal syrups recovered from The Market Street Bridge Site. Left: Dr. Grove’s Anodyne for Infants, Center: Hoopers Anodyne for Infants, Right: a treatment for digestive orders in infants developed by Llewellyn. (Photo courtesy of CHRS, Inc.)

Early medicinal syrups often contained opium, alcohol, and cannabis as active ingredients. The marketing of “soothing syrups” was targeted at adults and children alike. Evidence of their use at The Market Street Bridge Site can be seen in the bottle assemblage. Among the medicinal bottles indicating infant use were Hooper’s Anodyne for Infants (contains morphine chloride, developed in Chester, PA), Dr. Grove’s Anodyne for Infants (contains morphine sulfate, developed in Philadelphia, PA), Victor’s Infant Relief or Lung Syrup (Victor’s Infant Relief was a mixture of cannabis, spirit of nitre [nitrous ether], and chloroform), and a treatment for digestive disorders for infants (Developed by Philadelphia pharmacist Llewellyn). Not only were many of these patent medicines ineffective at treating ailments, but they could also be deadly for the patient.

 Thankfully, progress in scientific understanding and regulations have improved both the safety and efficacy of infant care products. Through the examination of archaeological remains, we can gain insight into the practices of the past and further appreciate the advancements that have been made.

Visit TheState Museum of Pennsylvania’s to learn about upcoming events and explore the online collection database.

References:

Basalik, Kenneth, and Ruth et al

2015      Phase III Data Recovery Market Street Bridge Site (36DE130), Volume I. Cultural Heritage Research Services, Inc., Lansdale, Pennsylvania

 

Centers for Disease Control

1999      Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Healthier Mothers and Babies. Morbidity and   Mortality Weekly Report. 48(38);849-858

             Montrose Daily Press [Montrose, Colorado]

1910      Article titled “These Things Kill Babies.” 29 August:3. Montrose, Colorado  Papastavrou, 

Genitsaridi, and Komodiki et al

2015      Breastfeeding in the Course of History. Journal of Pediatrics & Neonatal Care. 2(6), p.00096.

 Wolf, Jacqueline

2001      Don't Kill Your Baby: Public Health and the Decline of Breastfeeding in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. United Kingdom: Ohio State University Press.

 

For more information, visit PAarchaeology.state.pa.us or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at The State Museum of Pennsylvania .