tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-52739731689963805312024-03-17T05:19:53.561-04:00This Week In Pennsylvania ArchaeologyPA Archaeologyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04204159849822259411noreply@blogger.comBlogger500125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-63749119631324118362023-08-21T17:05:00.002-04:002023-08-21T17:05:49.986-04:00Analyzing the Sheep Rock Shelter Collection<div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hello, my
name is Gwen Michaels, and I am an Anthropology major, with an Archaeology
concentration, from Gettysburg College. I will soon be going into my senior year;
however, I started studying Archaeology during my freshman year. During my sophomore
year at Gettysburg, I took a class on Pennsylvania-specific Archaeology. This
class along with an excavation of site 36AD592, the Jack Hopkins House in Adams
County, helped grow my interest in both Pre-contact and historic archaeology.
These interests are what led me to apply for the internship with the Section of
Archaeology at the State Museum of Pennsylvania. During my time here, I have
been able to work with vast collections of artifacts from all over Pennsylvania
and learn more about processing and interpreting artifacts. I’m incredibly
grateful for the past 10 weeks and all that I have learned; this experience has
truly encouraged me to continue in Archaeology after completing my time at
Gettysburg. Although it is hard to pick what my favorite </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">task has
been, the past few weeks that I have spent with the Sheep Rock Shelter (36HU1)
collection will remain one of my most prized experiences as an intern.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-jrcNi3nagrIMSMMdnoezh9tj145RX9Ip4KXBc46DnHs2WGXfKxjjasfSijt-u02E8hx8FBp-Lsp__ueZ1mEJIBpIO4dPMJ33uNw5qRmSqiRwWBvgLyTQp8izbEO1g3bPiiRt7F9TZIvMzaXAhNm7q75LbWyhL7FOSwCfaUpjb7IzmETz5T4EvHaVm_e6/s296/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="296" data-original-width="227" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-jrcNi3nagrIMSMMdnoezh9tj145RX9Ip4KXBc46DnHs2WGXfKxjjasfSijt-u02E8hx8FBp-Lsp__ueZ1mEJIBpIO4dPMJ33uNw5qRmSqiRwWBvgLyTQp8izbEO1g3bPiiRt7F9TZIvMzaXAhNm7q75LbWyhL7FOSwCfaUpjb7IzmETz5T4EvHaVm_e6/w307-h400/Picture1.png" width="307" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: left;"><i>Gwen Michaels</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The Sheep
Rock Shelter (rock overhang) was formerly located in Huntington County,
however, construction of a dam along the Juniata River in 1973 has since
submerged the site, making it inaccessible. Despite this, excavations led by
the Pennsylvania State University and Juniata College from the 1950s and on
allowed for the collection of thousands of distinct artifacts. What makes this
site so remarkable is the immense preservation of botanical and other organic
materials. Unlike most caves in Pennsylvania, the Sheep Rock Shelter was dry,
leading to the preservation of organics that would normally have perished in
the humid climate of Pennsylvania. Due to this, artifacts like leather,
vegetation, animal bone, and more were preserved in time, creating a unique
opportunity for modern Archaeologists to study them.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipgqTV8lrAbQaeXRy67JmUdxZ0WZJM05HSeG2vZ0FJo4_PKoiyt5w6JRXXdzf7mMNpfPjMCs_K4szEUBIdJgStk55IMnYsjFdcUnid0OM14ZI_AKeVzzFkAyLNlFhc1Us2IXhxf6XaHUVGSk01lUiyZUQ3nES8vw6LHs1UBWOQ67-MHjQ9ARbHmXJsr4El/s320/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="320" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipgqTV8lrAbQaeXRy67JmUdxZ0WZJM05HSeG2vZ0FJo4_PKoiyt5w6JRXXdzf7mMNpfPjMCs_K4szEUBIdJgStk55IMnYsjFdcUnid0OM14ZI_AKeVzzFkAyLNlFhc1Us2IXhxf6XaHUVGSk01lUiyZUQ3nES8vw6LHs1UBWOQ67-MHjQ9ARbHmXJsr4El/w400-h300/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Animal Bone Recovered from Sheep Rock Shelter</span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">During my
time in the department, I have been helping to fix the original catalog of
artifacts. Unfortunately, the electronic artifact and location inventories
contained errors and omissions. To fix this, I have been going through the
various drawers and shelves of the collection and taking notes on where
materials and each accession number can be located. It has been incredible
looking through the different preserved artifacts. Some of my favorite
artifacts include turtle eggs, a fully preserved salamander, and dietary items
like corn, beans, and more. Although it is hard to choose any one thing as the
most remarkable, I enjoyed looking through faunal remains like the turtle eggs,
turtle shells, various animal bones, and even fur. The chance to better
understand and embody past people through seeing their relationships with
animals and the land was a unique and fulfilling experience. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9xgNcum4vQErqac0VZNtjGgesFtYAGp2eR-Buy6lLZc9-Fel7FQawqj7Ndp9SgTD3RPDMg152NLPCD9VQXoz29I1-sszRbHVCnvOedpNpV-sbBoRGrYJTtLKqBTPerVg6Qsr-0Ni_Sgf1OqL4DofGPQqGUHLyTX4K5FCHmMllRT4UiyVe6RZm7NeSz36t/s326/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="326" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9xgNcum4vQErqac0VZNtjGgesFtYAGp2eR-Buy6lLZc9-Fel7FQawqj7Ndp9SgTD3RPDMg152NLPCD9VQXoz29I1-sszRbHVCnvOedpNpV-sbBoRGrYJTtLKqBTPerVg6Qsr-0Ni_Sgf1OqL4DofGPQqGUHLyTX4K5FCHmMllRT4UiyVe6RZm7NeSz36t/w400-h268/Picture3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Turtle
Egg Recovered from Sheep Rock Shelter</span></i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Working with
the Sheep Rock Shelter artifacts has helped me gain better insight into the
work of Archaeologists and important principles of collections management. With
this collection and all the ones that I’ve worked with, I have seen the necessity
of creating precise catalogs for the security of the artifacts and the sanity
of everyone who works with them. More specifically to the Sheep Rock
collection, this experience has augmented details of professional Archaeology
that will stay with me into my future career. First and foremost, I’ve come to
truly appreciate and take in the rarity of being able to work with collections
like the Sheep Rock Shelter. The chance to work with such well-preserved
organic materials is an opportunity that I cherish. Overall, my time as an
intern with the Section of Archaeology at the State Museum of Pennsylvania has
been an incredibly formative experience. I am incredibly grateful for the time
I have spent with various collections from Pennsylvania and everyone who has
helped me throughout my time. </span></p></div><div><br /></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-88452752572055025372023-08-10T16:25:00.007-04:002023-08-10T16:25:32.690-04:00State Museum of Pennsylvania Archaeology: What’s Next?<div><p class="MsoNormal">We have taken a break from our bi-weekly blog (TWIPA), and
are brainstorming about what will be next: new media platforms, new
excavations, new processes for handling collections, and maybe some new staff? The one thing that is certain is that we will
be holding our annual archaeology month Workshops in Archaeology in October. This
year, the 2023 State Museum of Pennsylvania’s Workshops in Archaeology theme will
be <b><i>Discovering The Past: The Sciences Of Archaeology.</i></b> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Archaeology is the study of past people and
cultures through objects preserved and excavated from the ground. These
material remains allow archaeologists to reconstruct the activities and
lifeways of people, from our earliest inhabitants to present. Archaeologists
also incorporate scientific methods and rely on other disciplines to help tell
a more complete story. Technical applications such as radiocarbon dating (C<sup>14</sup>),
analysis of plant and animal remains, soil chemistry, geospatial data (GIS),
and non-intrusive survey methods such as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), are
just a few examples that archaeologists draw upon. In addition, refinements in
scientific methods are applied to reexamine artifacts already in museum
storage. Studies such as these have furthered our understanding of change over
time and the adaptation and movement of people across the landscape.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span class="normaltextrun">Scheduled
for Oct. 28, 2023, t</span>his year’s
Workshops in Archaeology will feature experts in GIS, C<sup>14</sup> dating,
GPR survey, geoarchaeology, and more. Please join us as we explore how these
specialized analyses are conducted and how the results enhance our
understanding of the environmental and human past.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="eop"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Look for additional information and early
registration via the <a href="https://statemuseumpa.org/WorkshopsInArchaeology/" target="_blank">State Museum of Pennsylvania’s website </a>in the upcoming
weeks.</span></span></p><p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="eop"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="eop"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFjsyj8cEdyWlTYUGCdp3RsGTTO64XNBNUK6Hur4r0f80B1dTDi-HfY0CskYaw5D-yCuUZ37pxBFrOD_dhx1jj5GfEqZp8kaJHcLxzQOJK2p1MmYrP2d0HFSNzu1GHIshBywgyZiHPXLYschlovvNYc-gc93c14x2qQz8EYgbh2ZKmvpLos49g3pKDKJV6/s1108/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="870" data-original-width="1108" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFjsyj8cEdyWlTYUGCdp3RsGTTO64XNBNUK6Hur4r0f80B1dTDi-HfY0CskYaw5D-yCuUZ37pxBFrOD_dhx1jj5GfEqZp8kaJHcLxzQOJK2p1MmYrP2d0HFSNzu1GHIshBywgyZiHPXLYschlovvNYc-gc93c14x2qQz8EYgbh2ZKmvpLos49g3pKDKJV6/w400-h314/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Scheduled
for October 28, 2023, t</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">his year’s Workshops in Archaeology will feature experts in GIS, C<sup>14</sup>
dating, GPR survey, geoarchaeology, and more. </span></i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></p></div><div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-58608921518676192792023-05-01T15:20:00.006-04:002023-05-01T15:20:38.453-04:00Teshoa: A Chipped Stone Tool of Many Uses <div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This
week in Pennsylvania archaeology (TWIPA) has defined many different types of
stone tools found on Pre-Contact archaeological sites over the years. Tool-types
like spearheads, arrowheads and axe heads are easily recognized by their
distinctive forms while other stone tools, are frequently misidentified or overlooked
by professional and avocational archaeologists alike. This week, we recognize the
teshoa, one such often overlooked artifact in the prehistoric tool kit. Teshoas
are simple multi-purpose hand-held flake tools most commonly made from river
cobbles of quartzite, siltstone, or sandstone. Used in a variety of ways — to butcher
meat, cut reeds and grass, scrape animal hides, and scale fish, to name a
few — their presence in the archaeological record dates back in time many
millennia. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7i6S9nZb3GSGMZfzWUn47WZj1kXQmJ6-wVT4PjKF2wrC5JyoDn_8GioHPRW0uXxFo93QJb1Y9RV3m5Qp3Vw4-I0s8u4iQs6zFZm93eMVQzqVxuq5dubXu52SGmrvwAbU-U2Ay8FDVxNT1aKjf8GwnSxYzNvNjrnH7RqSSEuwEc7FGkMyCjU-4QBKIIg/s1097/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="822" data-original-width="1097" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7i6S9nZb3GSGMZfzWUn47WZj1kXQmJ6-wVT4PjKF2wrC5JyoDn_8GioHPRW0uXxFo93QJb1Y9RV3m5Qp3Vw4-I0s8u4iQs6zFZm93eMVQzqVxuq5dubXu52SGmrvwAbU-U2Ay8FDVxNT1aKjf8GwnSxYzNvNjrnH7RqSSEuwEc7FGkMyCjU-4QBKIIg/w400-h300/Picture3.png" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Nineteenth
century first-hand accounts document Shoshone women from the North American
southwest using cobble flake tools to process buffalo skins (Leidy 1873). It is
from these accounts and others of the Shoshone tribes that the tool name was
derived. The word teshoa linguistically originates from Shoshonean words </span><b style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>tossawi</i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
[Fort Hall Shoshone tribal language] and </span><b style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>tocawig</i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> [Washakie
Shoshone tribal language] (Gatschet 1888; Schmidt-Wartemberg 1889). Frances
Eyman (1968), who has done extensive research on teshoa tools, stated that both
terms have a shared meaning for what archaeologists call a teshoa today. Joseph
Gebow (1868) and Harry Hull St. Claire II (1902) associate the root of the word
</span><b style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>tsekah</i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> or </span><b style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>tcikaa,</i></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> “to cut”, with the term teshoa.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">More
than a century after ethnographic and linguistic information was published, examples
of teshoa tools were recognized at archaeological sites in different parts of eastern
North America. According to Herbert Kraft, the tool form has a broad distribution,
“. . . <i>from the Delmarva peninsula through New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania,
and eastern New York and New England . . .” (Kraft 1966).</i> Restricting this
discussion to Pennsylvania-based archaeological discoveries, we’ll review the presence
of ‘teshoa’ tool forms to the Delaware and Susquehanna valleys.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Examples
of teshoa tools have been found up and down the Delaware and Susquehanna River
shorelines. These are frequently overlooked because of their water worn
appearance.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqRrzezA3fOQkdecKTb_zSpdvBbaSyFeWIFuHeRrAjga7kcdfbvnzkVBG0_d-EVX04wLeacxcB0jp2MMp5MEA52elsZNAGtlItPEi2Nbkb2_uCDiS9DV64OuDhlhv9-HdTXWmEWnQi5on78zNKH9MknYh2MqQG-7DfAJ9Rs3GUKdZqMh7OW6uU-Y6TLw/s1061/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1061" data-original-width="638" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqRrzezA3fOQkdecKTb_zSpdvBbaSyFeWIFuHeRrAjga7kcdfbvnzkVBG0_d-EVX04wLeacxcB0jp2MMp5MEA52elsZNAGtlItPEi2Nbkb2_uCDiS9DV64OuDhlhv9-HdTXWmEWnQi5on78zNKH9MknYh2MqQG-7DfAJ9Rs3GUKdZqMh7OW6uU-Y6TLw/w240-h400/Picture2.png" width="240" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><i>Teshoas recovered
from the Susquehanna River shoreline, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. Image
courtesy Kelly Baer.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The
first formal recognition of the teshoa in Pennsylvania archaeology was John
Witthoft and the Forks of the Delaware Chapter 14, Society for Pennsylvania
Archaeology (SPA) investigations at the Overpeck site (36BU5) located near Kintnerville,
Bucks County, Pennsylvania. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_ha7K7NYWwJ51EVx1l2Td6c-8ujoN9QF7dPfbGgmKEvZCfw29pFxpsYaMdBl5ZzuCml5ii6dW6sMLoHYetGqMszIKWV1pvUcQa6OpNSvmSZXK6j8fifjQ2IK6BSMJnRcljHirfaAR50gHGYnzQDGCJm2y-CyavRFVcr9DW76QdYVDE3hLnBcHal8otg/s1180/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1051" data-original-width="1180" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_ha7K7NYWwJ51EVx1l2Td6c-8ujoN9QF7dPfbGgmKEvZCfw29pFxpsYaMdBl5ZzuCml5ii6dW6sMLoHYetGqMszIKWV1pvUcQa6OpNSvmSZXK6j8fifjQ2IK6BSMJnRcljHirfaAR50gHGYnzQDGCJm2y-CyavRFVcr9DW76QdYVDE3hLnBcHal8otg/w400-h356/Picture4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><i>Teshoas from Overpeck; middle row left
– teshoa pebble core. The State Museum of Pennsylvania.</i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The Early and Late Woodland soil strata at Overpeck contained teshoa tools and the cobble cores from which they were made along with the diagnostic artifacts such as pottery and projectile points that demonstrated clear cut cultural associations. Subsequently, teshoas and teshoa-like tools have been reported from other investigations at Pre-contact sites in the Delaware River valley and elsewhere.</span></p></div><div><div> Prior to the proposed construction of the Tocks Island Reservoir, archaeological excavations conducted by Herbert Kraft, Seton Hall University (1972), David Werner, Lenape Chapter 12, SPA, and Fred Kinsey, Franklin and Marshall College (1972) recovered teshoas and teshoa related tools from the Miller Field, Zimmermann, and Faucett sites, respectively. Other sites in the region continue to yield these unique tools in similar Delaware Valley contexts.</div><div><br /></div><div> Stone tools that fit the teshoa description are also found on Archaic and Woodland age sites located in the Susquehanna Valley of central and southeastern Pennsylvania. One of these is the Parker Site (36Lu14), a Wyoming Valley Complex Late Woodland settlement dating to the 15th century C.E., located on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River. The site was investigated in the early 1970’s by Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC) archaeologists (Herbstritt 2019; Smith 1973). Apart from a single teshoa core of granitic rock, all teshoa tools from Parker were made from indurated siltstone and sandstone cobbles. </div></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj955sotDsk_1JBuXFA1Zrr8HUf7NfY-bOqN-y3xAXNWUkTEnmbE6GSup7zqIthqPahRmtBs6UTauOV9wnH1wAk17jK4ilncnCzwJiW833fpdUlhiWkE0u5ppL4YcRBFQBOjuX-MaRfON7m1XE4mYtVTXTWruUd_oAdQf3hHTcLvJVNpKyvPlwP5BMnxw/s1354/Picture5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1213" data-original-width="1354" height="359" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj955sotDsk_1JBuXFA1Zrr8HUf7NfY-bOqN-y3xAXNWUkTEnmbE6GSup7zqIthqPahRmtBs6UTauOV9wnH1wAk17jK4ilncnCzwJiW833fpdUlhiWkE0u5ppL4YcRBFQBOjuX-MaRfON7m1XE4mYtVTXTWruUd_oAdQf3hHTcLvJVNpKyvPlwP5BMnxw/w400-h359/Picture5.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Pebble core and teshoas from Parker. The State Museum of Pennsylvania.</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Archaeological excavations at a site near
Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, occupied
around the same time as 36Lu14, also recovered an assemblage of teshoa tools
manufactured from silt and sandstone cobbles.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifNH9hXGH0u-7axyqrsMfi7b7EwHBYpbZZWC6o2lWidWHfIP_s9d2w9JFSbtuQyVCnioUOvgrUj2N2QdVd6NN_0fpPEGaQ_EedbJGxaNju5o8-3mCE-bwjldQ7SQRtVGztGOnQ16kMYIuqWuRh9r6_H66htObX404US1Mc9WWA5VbHh2pQlxaCXjxBnw/s1517/Picture6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="1517" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifNH9hXGH0u-7axyqrsMfi7b7EwHBYpbZZWC6o2lWidWHfIP_s9d2w9JFSbtuQyVCnioUOvgrUj2N2QdVd6NN_0fpPEGaQ_EedbJGxaNju5o8-3mCE-bwjldQ7SQRtVGztGOnQ16kMYIuqWuRh9r6_H66htObX404US1Mc9WWA5VbHh2pQlxaCXjxBnw/w400-h266/Picture6.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Teshoas from Clinton County, Pennsylvania. West Branch Susquehanna River Valley. The State Museum of Pennsylvania.</i></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Teshoas
recovered from PHMC excavations at the deeply stratified Archaic site on Piney
Island, in the lower Susquehanna valley were made from a greater diversity of
stone material (Kent 1970). </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Locally sourced
quartzite and diabase cobbles were the preferred raw materials used to manufacture
teshoas and teshoa-like cobble tools at the Piney Island site. .</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ9uT13V42y3naQjff53uAlxHDFfdTJ-Si9TTIpT2G6xQXGY2UB666p_ynDv71HLE2cgBK0Ioq9ZmAd1AI56Mlgc6dlrMzQWbd3NpRqdZxFdNOfpRR6onX4asQYCTw9KdBeGwUidh5PoqZI7g6mYdpkZGr4NDX_44OdUo-kS2n2lxHMGMSNwcAVKmpMQ/s1396/Picture7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1040" data-original-width="1396" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ9uT13V42y3naQjff53uAlxHDFfdTJ-Si9TTIpT2G6xQXGY2UB666p_ynDv71HLE2cgBK0Ioq9ZmAd1AI56Mlgc6dlrMzQWbd3NpRqdZxFdNOfpRR6onX4asQYCTw9KdBeGwUidh5PoqZI7g6mYdpkZGr4NDX_44OdUo-kS2n2lxHMGMSNwcAVKmpMQ/w400-h297/Picture7.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Teshoas from Piney Island. The State Museum of Pennsylvania.</i></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-indent: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> Experimental
archaeology research into teshoa tool use and function provides further
insights into the archaeological and ethnographic/linguistic record. Lithic
technology experimentation with replicated teshoa tools has assisted with interpreting
the potential functions of this class of artifact as it applies to stone tool use
in prehistory (Coles 1973; Roberts and Sant 1983). Comparing the distinct wear
patterns from cutting different materials such as wood, bone, skin, etc. on
experimentally replicated tools to the wear patterns on archaeologically recovered
teshoa tools can help identify and infer an artifact’s function or multiple
functions over its use-life. </span></div><div style="text-indent: 0px;"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-indent: 0px;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRC4W5ZpRJxCpDzNyy52_zJvvdrrNG_b8emUJ6B6270CQ15JfagvxD6-zqIKl2pOBDG3mZrK_zkfL5nMiAokkDPYLK9Ps8nfHsduhsBMN5nCA1yS7BtX1pBpQuuXYTVchop1uvJpMmqeSzhoQUwPcYKUF7Q8ZlBq3CZoT2xyPtmK2VgvCelOc8P0-7eA/s1242/Picture8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="889" data-original-width="1242" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRC4W5ZpRJxCpDzNyy52_zJvvdrrNG_b8emUJ6B6270CQ15JfagvxD6-zqIKl2pOBDG3mZrK_zkfL5nMiAokkDPYLK9Ps8nfHsduhsBMN5nCA1yS7BtX1pBpQuuXYTVchop1uvJpMmqeSzhoQUwPcYKUF7Q8ZlBq3CZoT2xyPtmK2VgvCelOc8P0-7eA/w400-h286/Picture8.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Replicated examples of teshoa tools and pebble core. The State Museum of Pennsylvania. </i></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">We
hope that you have enjoyed this blog on a unique, and often overlooked artifact
type in the archaeological site record. Please visit us next time for another topical
presentation from TWIPA.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><u>References</u></b></span></p></div><div>
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John<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1973 <i>Archaeology by Experiment</i>. Charles
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Roberts, Daniel G. and Mark B. Sant<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">St.
Claire, Harry Hull, II<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1902 Shoshonean Dictionary. MS, <i>Archives of
the Bureau of American Ethnology, </i>No. 2948A, pp.74-266. Washington.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Schmidt-Wartemberg,
H.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1889 Shoshone, Waskakie, Box Elder Creek, Utah.
(On Powell’s printed vocabulary Schedule sheets.) MS, <i>Archives of the Bureau
of American Ethnology</i>, No. 789. Washington.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Werner,
David<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1972 Zimmerman Site 36-Pi-14 in: Archeology in
the Upper Delaware Valley: A Study of the Cultural Chronology of the Tocks
Island Reservoir. W. Fred Kinsey, III. <i>Anthropological Series</i> No. 2,
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Harrisburg.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Witthoft,
John <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">n.d. <i>Overpeck and Diehl Site Report.</i> Unpublished
manuscript on file at the Section of Archaeology, The State Museum of
Pennsylvania.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-45476651245468401732023-04-11T12:03:00.007-04:002023-04-11T12:03:45.397-04:00Don't miss the 92nd annual meeting of the Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology! <div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLSVyKQrUNpA1epzN8LDhkuMw_DRAN_GeORaSUQwifUJ9LonYd7RCweIPtva9Xka563coWcGLKmjXth9m76JnBh74l3EYZD8cJpi3jU4QWTm0uFYNLT7EBv_Zm2JTpXjdwRnoo1nl-QkatFvEjIXw_Cmh8jl87vp082rxTuEVSWpKBvyJz8FSct15hqA/s239/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="221" data-original-width="239" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLSVyKQrUNpA1epzN8LDhkuMw_DRAN_GeORaSUQwifUJ9LonYd7RCweIPtva9Xka563coWcGLKmjXth9m76JnBh74l3EYZD8cJpi3jU4QWTm0uFYNLT7EBv_Zm2JTpXjdwRnoo1nl-QkatFvEjIXw_Cmh8jl87vp082rxTuEVSWpKBvyJz8FSct15hqA/s1600/Picture1.png" width="239" /></a></div><div>The <a href="https://www.pennsylvaniaarchaeology.com/AnnualMeeting.htm" target="_blank">92<sup>nd</sup>
annual meeting of the Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology</a> will be held at
the Comfort Suites in Dubois, PA this weekend, April 14<sup>th</sup> – 16<sup>th</sup>
, 2023. As in past years, this three-day
event promises to inform attendees across a wide range of interesting
archaeological topics.</div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In conjunction with
the Society’s annual meeting, the Pennsylvania Archaeological Council (PAC) will
convene to discuss ways to address the looming shortage of archaeologists
entering the Cultural Resource Management (CRM) profession. Expected energy and
transportation infrastructure projects on the horizon will require a new
generation of archaeologists, and in numbers, to meet the demand. To that end,
the PAC is sponsoring a casual mixer Friday evening to introduce students
considering a career in CRM to meet professional archaeologists, consulting
firms, state agencies, and other industry stakeholders with an eye on the
future.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal">Anticipated presentations at the meeting with direct
connections to the State Museum of Pennsylvania’s Section of Archaeology include
an update on recent AMS dating of organic artifacts from Sheep Rock Shelter
(36HU0001). Long curated with the Section of Archaeology, the artifacts from Sheep
Rock Shelter have been the subject of previous TWIPA posts such as: <a href="http://twipa.blogspot.com/2012/11/huntingdon-county-is-home-of.html" target="_blank"><b>Huntingdon
County is the Home of Rock shelters and Iron Furnaces</b></a> from our county
series<a href="http://twipa.blogspot.com/2011/05/k-is-for-knife.html" target="_blank">; <b>K is
for Knife</b></a>, featuring the incredible bone handled knife found at Sheep
Rock Shelter from our archaeology through the alphabet series; and of course, <a href="http://twipa.blogspot.com/search?q=Sheep+Rock" target="_blank"><b>Excavations at Sheep
Rock Shelter</b></a><b> (36Hu1). <o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOI3MBxOoNhY4cXlOENwq2bsvbt4w3cCAcwWVd_-2l8YiccQwyOqLo0mzHS0s_pQ3oAlXI56nMLt_Q90rNTTU_4tVYvjefN2S8oUl7fmsu5rgBwspY-pysL2NK241xFq8B7i0KJdt881t3ZblIVNEty8X9lFSrQ02iWUB9rgBL0KmU-nnp9u1YUcB3Aw/s857/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="609" data-original-width="857" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOI3MBxOoNhY4cXlOENwq2bsvbt4w3cCAcwWVd_-2l8YiccQwyOqLo0mzHS0s_pQ3oAlXI56nMLt_Q90rNTTU_4tVYvjefN2S8oUl7fmsu5rgBwspY-pysL2NK241xFq8B7i0KJdt881t3ZblIVNEty8X9lFSrQ02iWUB9rgBL0KmU-nnp9u1YUcB3Aw/w400-h284/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><i>Squash
seeds, Corn cobs, and husks from Sheep Rock Shelter, 36HU0001. Collections of
The State Museum of Pennsylvania</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Additionally, this regionally significant archaeological
site will be highlighted and honored with one of the Pennsylvania Historical
and Museum Commission’s iconic blue and yellow historical markers this fall.
Renewed interest in old collections, coupled with enhanced analytical
techniques that ultimately broaden our understanding of the past is the
affirmation of the work of a curator of archaeological collections, and the
Sheep Rock Shelter collection is an excellent example of that effort.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Speaking on the curious semi-subterranean features found on
Pre-Contact village sites referred to as “keyholes”, the State Museum of Pennsylvania’s
Jim Herbstritt will provide a deep dive into his decades long research into these
archaeological phenomena. Construction methods, possible functions for, and
cultural clues about these enigmatic features will be explored through
ethnohistoric accounts, systematic excavation, and artifact analysis, as well
as insight gained during experimental reconstructions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">Saturday evening’s lectures will conclude with this year’s
keynote speaker, archaeologist Dr. Timothy Abel. Dr. Abel will share his
findings working with AMS (accelerated mass spectrometry) dating of late
Pre-Contact period (1200 – 1600 AD) Iroquoian settlements in northern New York
state. New refinements in the dating technique employed can both “tighten” but
also potentially upend existing chronologies, with implications that reach far
beyond the targeted study area.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhnOa0PTtC-3MPvLn-tqukhKPo89L-lDFhGw7tWU6yy66c5fVMEMlEf3XS8WO58bNyTulWKJDfsgCX-qJbBacPV4fFuSalbLwMDRRmzIWlpuysqPACDVK_SCf4lnysu9f22tj2y_vjAhG4axeRG3LUHBgDH_IFd4n7y4CQrcd1y2FcBuF3HZcCsxR80A/s349/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="232" data-original-width="349" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhnOa0PTtC-3MPvLn-tqukhKPo89L-lDFhGw7tWU6yy66c5fVMEMlEf3XS8WO58bNyTulWKJDfsgCX-qJbBacPV4fFuSalbLwMDRRmzIWlpuysqPACDVK_SCf4lnysu9f22tj2y_vjAhG4axeRG3LUHBgDH_IFd4n7y4CQrcd1y2FcBuF3HZcCsxR80A/w400-h266/Picture3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoCaption"><i>Student poster session from 2022 meeting</i><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">The weekend’s events are rounded out by a juried student
poster session, bookroom, and a silent auction benefiting the efforts of the
Society. The <a href="https://www.pennsylvaniaarchaeology.com/Constitution-of-The-SPA.pdf" target="_blank">Society</a>
is a group of dedicated professional and advocational archaeologists who promote
the study of Pre-Contact and historic
archaeological resources in Pennsylvania and neighboring states. It works to promote scientific research and discourages
exploration which is deemed irresponsible in intent or practice. <a href="https://www.pennsylvaniaarchaeology.com/Membership.htm" target="_blank">Membership</a> is
open to all who agree with these basic principles and Chapters located
throughout the Commonwealth provide activities in support of the State Society.
Included with membership is the journal
Pennsylvania Archaeologist and quarterly <a href="https://www.pennsylvaniaarchaeology.com/SPA_Newsletter_Spring_2023.pdf" target="_blank">newsletter</a>. The Society’s <a href="https://www.pennsylvaniaarchaeology.com/2023%20Summer%20trip/2023_field_trip_summary.pdf" target="_blank">annualtrip</a> this year is the Archaeology of Civil War Battlefields and sites, June
8-11, 2023.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Many of these dedicated members of the Society choose to
curate their collections to insure the preservation of the archaeological
record represented in their collection. The State Museum of Pennsylvania,
Section of Archaeology would like to thank Mr. Michael Kotz for his generous
artifact donation. Collected all from
one site in Washington County the artifacts represent the Archaic through Late Woodland
time periods, and include numerous nutting stones, (36WH1160), and bifurcated
points (Archaic) through triangular points (Late Woodland). This collection
provides researchers with an opportunity to further examine procurement and
processing patterns in this corner of southwestern Pennsylvania. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">Please continue to follow us on this blog to learn more
about what is happening in archaeology around the Commonwealth and check out The
State Museum’s <a href="https://www.facebook.com/StateMuseumofPA" target="_blank">Facebook</a>
page for activities of the museum and view our on-line collections on the
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission <a href="https://www.phmc.pa.gov/Museums/Online-Collection/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">website</a>. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><br /></div><div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-26478558708797477712023-04-02T21:00:00.000-04:002023-04-02T21:00:00.515-04:00Powder and Wigs: Hair Maintenance in 18th-century America<div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoP6iEzRFlb9iCFnJ3H_G1DcWG52ye3eDDPCuOisuPWhTSbwyTiVuURXmwe1JiAAEGgntR3ZitD64BlwVR1g0grlXiWEDHV8luaf6zClpz-t7zPoTwy4E5aIOGRl8omTGxHxMzUcTpTp94S1n-f41z4UPVtqwLqZ8-Pn5ur4tWe565k84tz1LhjMPIyw/s1353/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="920" data-original-width="1353" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoP6iEzRFlb9iCFnJ3H_G1DcWG52ye3eDDPCuOisuPWhTSbwyTiVuURXmwe1JiAAEGgntR3ZitD64BlwVR1g0grlXiWEDHV8luaf6zClpz-t7zPoTwy4E5aIOGRl8omTGxHxMzUcTpTp94S1n-f41z4UPVtqwLqZ8-Pn5ur4tWe565k84tz1LhjMPIyw/w400-h272/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>The
Wig-Maker and Barber from Diderot’s Encyclop</i><i>édie ou Dictionnaire raisonn</i><i>é
des sciences, des arts et des m</i><i>étiers (</i><a href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/" target="_blank">The Encyclopedia of Diderot &
d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project (umich.edu)</a>)<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Hair and
hairstyles have played an important role in the cultural identification of many
societies throughout time. Some societies, such as the Amish in the United
States and the Himba tribe of northern Namibia, still adhere to traditional
hairstyles that have meaning to them as a group. Outside of cultures that
assign meaning to traditional hairstyles, hair trends in general change over
time. Some are instantly recognizable, such as the ‘Victory rolls’ of the early
1940s.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />Hair beauty was
an important societal norm in 18<sup>th</sup>-century America; the trend taking
its cues from the royal courts of Europe. In addition to the appearance of
one’s clothing, the social status of people could be ascertained by the
physical appearance of their hair. Many tools were used to create the
appropriate hairstyle, including combs and brushes, wigs and hairpieces, powders,
curling irons, pomades, feathers, pins, jewels, and other objects.<br /><br />The
comb is one of the oldest hair maintenance tools in the archaeological record. Hair
combs have been used for thousands of years and have been recovered from
ancient Egyptian and Scythian tombs and Chinese palaces. In Pennsylvania, combs
are recovered from Pre-contact American Indian sites and historic sites alike. <br /><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 264.6pt;">American
Indian hair combs were generally carved from elk or deer antler. Carved effigy figures depicted on the combs
include birds, humans, and animals, possibly related to their clan or oral traditions
associated with the figure. This bird effigy comb was from Lancaster County
dates to the early Pre-Contact period; unfortunately, only a portion of the
comb was recovered. The State Museum of Pennsylvania’s Archaeology Gallery exhibits
include a variety of decorative hair combs.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 264.6pt;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL5KhmG4nEItPuxPK5CiCBKtwPA9x4YNXC8cwkdx_6UrGL3eP4UjTB93qO9p7jLbf6USOe4ww3yBobBSWq_LyX76vXgcMlZnjn7l1DLEFObyxrOmLfHuXup90ICsL-n7YLkYPz4h8LJ7fGs-aaY_YDJwG3LZhjQCzgA16nIdJcPij72u5bSWeW0BTBYQ/s712/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="712" data-original-width="475" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL5KhmG4nEItPuxPK5CiCBKtwPA9x4YNXC8cwkdx_6UrGL3eP4UjTB93qO9p7jLbf6USOe4ww3yBobBSWq_LyX76vXgcMlZnjn7l1DLEFObyxrOmLfHuXup90ICsL-n7YLkYPz4h8LJ7fGs-aaY_YDJwG3LZhjQCzgA16nIdJcPij72u5bSWeW0BTBYQ/w266-h400/Picture2.png" width="266" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>Bird effigy hair
comb, Lancaster County </i>(From the collections of the PHMC, The State Museum
of Pennsylvania)<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 264.6pt;">During the 18<sup>th</sup>
century, combs served different purposes. Some combs were used for general hair
maintenance, some for cleaning the hair and removing pests, and some for
decorative reasons. Everyday utilitarian combs would typically have been made
from wood or bone, but decorative combs could be made from almost any material,
including tortoiseshell, ivory, gold or other metals, or animal horn or tusks.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 264.6pt;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDhGnlJ9T-IFfWH-nQkPtn_NXwAoEYOyg7An3zo2Zgfjvp76nucpYwXHAP0jXHFJvq34qsCKM6y7S8kHzbnkCeAbJMHHihZvnwcKgg6OKZrZHn8BRMvAYyzJvd_9B1NEu2JsuPKc0B3ImQBFDHi8msKfhoswHK63P8Y3bHmxq3EZRpqHMyWejHe7RRPQ/s1031/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="690" data-original-width="1031" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDhGnlJ9T-IFfWH-nQkPtn_NXwAoEYOyg7An3zo2Zgfjvp76nucpYwXHAP0jXHFJvq34qsCKM6y7S8kHzbnkCeAbJMHHihZvnwcKgg6OKZrZHn8BRMvAYyzJvd_9B1NEu2JsuPKc0B3ImQBFDHi8msKfhoswHK63P8Y3bHmxq3EZRpqHMyWejHe7RRPQ/s320/Picture3.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>Bone lice
comb recovered from Ephrata Cloister </i>(From the collections of the PHMC, The
State Museum of Pennsylvania)<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 264.6pt;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 264.6pt;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSsXTHEzu9lYDQ2j_mgOCFTJX9nrzz05QNJnNfv_W9Xs8tkUbVd5-JvradaGJGKl7gy7G73Ph2DaU4aB9EhUDmUQn7EQj7W7skWKLQoHa3U0QE1KRMjpy8RlzK8HwitivXptPA5Q9cr5MNlcPTQC3rXKYgl2ox3jic2VRjT51zLrDuUkx6PLwBsWzdEQ/s1031/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="690" data-original-width="1031" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSsXTHEzu9lYDQ2j_mgOCFTJX9nrzz05QNJnNfv_W9Xs8tkUbVd5-JvradaGJGKl7gy7G73Ph2DaU4aB9EhUDmUQn7EQj7W7skWKLQoHa3U0QE1KRMjpy8RlzK8HwitivXptPA5Q9cr5MNlcPTQC3rXKYgl2ox3jic2VRjT51zLrDuUkx6PLwBsWzdEQ/w400-h268/Picture4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>Brass wire
decorative hair comb (missing its tines) from the French Azilum (36BR0134) site
</i>(From the
collections of the PHMC, The State Museum of Pennsylvania)</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 264.6pt;"><br /></p></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi287S4eOEGK8EubdVPEhD4_rKMlMGfjKXfpgW0IDC8Y8UVhoXiHrmq14VKQAL4nBR-CYqsGE3wIz6Zq44ru0rr6GCF9DjNUr6Ll8IpapPoudt9bnDqA6mmUyMMYlBEk1eaTeiV1e8UzAbCt41Efvb_M89iPnRb3mBVrqcQUiO7sQ0S2QiNsYwD1IkU_w/s336/Picture5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="252" data-original-width="336" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi287S4eOEGK8EubdVPEhD4_rKMlMGfjKXfpgW0IDC8Y8UVhoXiHrmq14VKQAL4nBR-CYqsGE3wIz6Zq44ru0rr6GCF9DjNUr6Ll8IpapPoudt9bnDqA6mmUyMMYlBEk1eaTeiV1e8UzAbCt41Efvb_M89iPnRb3mBVrqcQUiO7sQ0S2QiNsYwD1IkU_w/w400-h300/Picture5.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>Decorative hair
combs in the collection of the author: tortoiseshell (top left), unknown
material, possibly horn (top right), and cow horn (bottom) <o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Hairbrushes may
have evolved or developed from hair combs or paint brushes but were likely
first used by the ancient Greeks and Romans. Wall paintings in Egyptian tombs portray
images of people with well-groomed hair and wigs. The first modern hairbrush
company was founded by William Kent in 1777 in Britain and continues to produce
hand-stitched brushes today.</div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />The hairbrushes
below were recovered from excavations in downtown Philadelphia. The large,
wooden brush, possibly made from chestnut wood, is very plain. Although it may
have been painted or decorated at one time, the decoration is long gone. The
second brush is very finely made, carved from ivory with a delicate scalloped shell
design on the end. It’s small size and fine craftmanship indicate this brush
may have been a present for a child. All bristles, which would have been stiff hairs
from an animal such as a boar, are missing from both brushes. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjDsg7mKQ6Xt21IzcWY2kqpZHF_SF-8Jt3Wbv6HELZijF4BC6Qt93sTqsLYt-9IHPcmdOooNPQKWJ1Htv0ABU7jdTnplmLD1Vd-HAjt9FWiA74hUDTPrboDodc46ur4IWl1hlZ2lipXu0RBuVgwGJeMJbAg6rV5rBlTx_jb8VNAjh3qYaGuT5HDkQxPA/s1023/Picture6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="1023" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjDsg7mKQ6Xt21IzcWY2kqpZHF_SF-8Jt3Wbv6HELZijF4BC6Qt93sTqsLYt-9IHPcmdOooNPQKWJ1Htv0ABU7jdTnplmLD1Vd-HAjt9FWiA74hUDTPrboDodc46ur4IWl1hlZ2lipXu0RBuVgwGJeMJbAg6rV5rBlTx_jb8VNAjh3qYaGuT5HDkQxPA/w400-h266/Picture6.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>Wooden (top)
and ivory (bottom) hairbrushes from excavations in Philadelphia</i> (From the
collections of the PHMC, The State Museum of Pennsylvania)<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">During this period,
hair was not washed as often as today. People used powders, made from corn and
wheat flour, to degrease their hair or massaged oils into the scalp to freshen
it. Other ‘shampoos’ used before this time included clays, plant products,
animal fats, eggs, ashes, alcohol, vinegar, soap, and many other different
natural mixtures. The first modern shampoos only came onto the market in the
early 20th century.</p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Powdered wigs
became fashionable in the mid-17<sup>th</sup> century in the royal court of
France and the trend later spread to the rest of Europe and America. Wigs or
the natural hair were powdered with the above-mentioned powders.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">In Colonial
America, wigs were generally worn by wealthy men. Wig-making was time consuming
and expensive, so only elite members of society would have worn wigs - think
Thomas Jefferson and many of the founding fathers. Additionally, maintenance
was required to keep the wig clean, styled, curled, and powdered, so one would
either need to visit a professional hairdresser periodically or would need to
have servants capable of completing this task.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Visit the
Colonial Williamsburg website <a href="https://www.colonialwilliamsburg.org/locations/wigmaker/" target="_blank">Historic Trade:Wigmaker (colonialwilliamsburg.org)</a> to view the steps to the making of a
wig and for other information on wigs and wig-making in the 18<sup>th</sup>
century.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Another
important hair accessory in the 18<sup>th</sup> century was the wig curler. Wig
curlers, sometimes called roulettes or bilboquet, were dumbbell-shaped clay
objects used to set curls in the hair of a wig. Depending upon the size and
tightness of the curl needed, wig curlers came in multiple sizes. These wig
curlers, recovered archaeologically from a site in Philadelphia, will produce
large and small sized curls.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUTa_4TZ4yAIrNf9mZNH7l6vpqe_axCEo72lHr_iTXVpSmmydLgmlUtxOpssthRgqoKzOh-SbMeYDvb4OVe4ni0WILKeI49uKE42xe7iHlroSL1DsImEufh4l1wlDjRaP3KWO6v1iFHoR61un3UMG6cMCnZ6xyaj0aUK5SVRMAWprwKJO4c-rEOum6Lw/s1031/Picture7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="690" data-original-width="1031" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUTa_4TZ4yAIrNf9mZNH7l6vpqe_axCEo72lHr_iTXVpSmmydLgmlUtxOpssthRgqoKzOh-SbMeYDvb4OVe4ni0WILKeI49uKE42xe7iHlroSL1DsImEufh4l1wlDjRaP3KWO6v1iFHoR61un3UMG6cMCnZ6xyaj0aUK5SVRMAWprwKJO4c-rEOum6Lw/w400-h268/Picture7.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>Kaolin clay
wig curlers from Philadelphia</i> (From the collections of the PHMC, <a name="_Hlk130897150">The State Museum of Pennsylvania</a>)<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVuwwCmXOQW4LMVAJBsRVvUsGVxmp995RqnVxSrjIBkAgwyVtq_JXkycCejKcy4EfOEmkeIUJFB-PE-07hIo4cTbDaKavgDVe1DsOLrDvITRpxA_FO0DwQ7M-3myO5wxAmHOYb4L1DEX-OLDhMgJwCfbfNOVwyajjjGwrLhq7EAow0K2sCnQfRZDh_7Q/s1300/Picture8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1300" data-original-width="796" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVuwwCmXOQW4LMVAJBsRVvUsGVxmp995RqnVxSrjIBkAgwyVtq_JXkycCejKcy4EfOEmkeIUJFB-PE-07hIo4cTbDaKavgDVe1DsOLrDvITRpxA_FO0DwQ7M-3myO5wxAmHOYb4L1DEX-OLDhMgJwCfbfNOVwyajjjGwrLhq7EAow0K2sCnQfRZDh_7Q/w245-h400/Picture8.png" width="245" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>Tools of the
Wigmaker and hairdresser, showing wig curlers, from Diderot’s <a name="_Hlk130810345">Encyclop</a></i><i>édie
ou Dictionnaire raisonn</i><i>é
des sciences, des arts et des m</i><i>étiers
</i><i>(</i><a href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/" target="_blank">The Encyclopedia
of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project (umich.edu)</a>)<i>
<o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">There are many
other interesting facets to hair care in the 18<sup>th</sup> century and
throughout history. Hair styles, maintenance and styling products, and societal
norms for both men and women have gone through as many changes as clothing
styles. The websites listed below are only a few of the many highlighting
aspects of hair style and trends throughout history.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">We hope you
have enjoyed this blog and will continue to visit us as we highlight the
collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania, Section of Archaeology. We
invite you to <a href="https://www.phmc.pa.gov/Museums/Online-Collection/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">view additional pieces</a> from our collections. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Citations
and Additional Reading:<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://www.mountvernon.org/blog/2018/10/boiling-baking-and-curling-18th-century-wigs" target="_blank">Boiling,
Baking, and Curling 18th-Century Wigs · George Washington's Mount
Vernon</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://www.colonialwilliamsburg.org/locations/wigmaker/" target="_blank">Historic Trade:Wigmaker (colonialwilliamsburg.org)</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://www.beckleyboutique.com/the-history-of-plastic-hairbrushes/" target="_blank">TheHistory Of Plastic Hairbrushes | Beckley Boutique</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/d/did/" target="_blank">The Encyclopedia of Diderot &
d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project (umich.edu)</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"> </span><a href="http://demodecouture.com/hairstyles-cosmetics-18th-century/" target="_blank">http://demodecouture.com/hairstyles-cosmetics-18th-century/</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://thehistoryofthehairsworld.com/hair_18th_century.html" target="_blank">https://thehistoryofthehairsworld.com/hair_18th_century.html</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><br /></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-36221890744491527482023-03-19T19:50:00.002-04:002023-03-19T19:50:27.942-04:00The Power of Women<div><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">March is designated as Women’s History Month; thus, it seems
appropriate to explore the role of women in our archaeological and cultural
heritage. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">While it is important to have
a focus on significant women in our past and present, a woman is much more than
a historic figure to honor once a year.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">In
some Native American society's women are viewed as the giver of life and Mother
Earth as the giver of all things on the earth. She is a sacred figure and has
garnered respect and acknowledgement of her significance.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div><div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Native American tribes such as the Lenape (Delaware) and
Haudenosaunee (Iroquois and Tuscarora) are matrilineal societies instead of the
typical patrilineal societies from Europe. Meaning that you descended from your
mother’s clan, not your father’s. It also meant that women were involved in the
decision-making process for the greater good of the tribe. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjirxDLSELPzwKRG9BaQRM3zai-KvlkyTTHVcNsN2_TEU0aR0Znku6CEaepso5k9PwDvMq2fHEIjY9PFFfhZ4BsBf3U-MwSQIfffT5kV-grMpjxOGNAqerGnWLLTsrRCgA2-3aQY6lqGCdA8XxlIHY60USSiOTt95AfyGe5FHA7der02iQ2s7HfU1ygfQ/s788/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="662" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjirxDLSELPzwKRG9BaQRM3zai-KvlkyTTHVcNsN2_TEU0aR0Znku6CEaepso5k9PwDvMq2fHEIjY9PFFfhZ4BsBf3U-MwSQIfffT5kV-grMpjxOGNAqerGnWLLTsrRCgA2-3aQY6lqGCdA8XxlIHY60USSiOTt95AfyGe5FHA7der02iQ2s7HfU1ygfQ/w336-h400/Picture3.png" width="336" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoCaption" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><i>Nora Thompson Dean (left) and Lucy Parks, 1977.</i></span></p><p class="MsoCaption" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><p class="MsoCaption" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><i>Image courtesy of Jim Rementer, Delaware Tribe of Indians</i></span></p><p class="MsoCaption" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nora Thompson Dean was
a member of the Delaware Tribe of Bartlesville, Oklahoma, and an important
keeper of their cultural heritage. Nora wrote about the role of Delaware women in
a matrilineal society stating, “the children belong to the clan or group of the
mother, and therefore, even if one was the son or daughter of a chief, they
would not be a prince or princess as was the case with European royalty. The
successor to the chieftaincy was the chief’s sister’s son, or the nearest male
relative to the chief within the same clan. This gave women a powerful voice in
tribal matters, but in spite of this ‘voice,’ it was the tradition for women to
not speak out at public gatherings such as councils.” (</span><a href="http://delawaretribe.org/blog/2016/08/07" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;" target="_blank">delawaretribe.org/blog/2016/08/07</a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">)</span></p></div><div><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />In Haudenosaunee culture (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca,
Tuscarora) the chief and clan mother share leadership roles. The clan mother
chooses and advises the chief, placing and holding him in office. The clan
mother also has the responsibility of removing a chief who doesn’t listen to
the people and make good decisions, giving due consideration to seven
generations in the future. To be chosen as a chief, the man cannot be a warrior
(since it is a confederacy based on peace), nor can he have ever stolen
anything or abused a woman. Women live free of fearing violence from men. The
spiritual belief in the sacredness of women and the earth — the mutual creators
of life — make abuse almost unthinkable. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN7luvyv_48cAphUx6jDoqcf_On-2OUNfwOf9uPP2XPqvFHrrN2IlRYR_irI0HkstBiNl7tsydRhV_ReSRyez34NldokXa3U1jAL4uZGIrGP1StjJAGoomJ8s4vQwxY7IQSTJwn1ZS2wjL6VNw-jgw6yGG21rfs5lmK6Zi888s5SxRKXUp0MR5lUEoJQ/s1430/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="941" data-original-width="1430" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN7luvyv_48cAphUx6jDoqcf_On-2OUNfwOf9uPP2XPqvFHrrN2IlRYR_irI0HkstBiNl7tsydRhV_ReSRyez34NldokXa3U1jAL4uZGIrGP1StjJAGoomJ8s4vQwxY7IQSTJwn1ZS2wjL6VNw-jgw6yGG21rfs5lmK6Zi888s5SxRKXUp0MR5lUEoJQ/w400-h264/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoCaption"><i><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Indigenous women planting
gardens, Image courtesy of Herbert Kraft</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Not
unlike the Native Americans who lived here when Europeans began arriving in
North America, settler women were often responsible for domestic chores-
cooking, cleaning, gardening, and raising children. Each group practiced their methods of planting
and harvesting- often embedded in their cultural practices of following
celestial signs, seasonal change, and traditional stories. Haudenosaunee gardening of corn, beans and
squash are commonly identified as the three sisters- significant for their
ability to grow together in mounds of soil. Nora Dean describes the Delaware practice of
cooking as done with intent- “we think that the person’s mind when they are
cooking has something to do with the health of the ones who eat the food. The
cook must be in a good frame of mind during the </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">food preparation, not angry, or ill, and have an inside prayer
to the Creator that what she prepares will bring strength and happiness to the
consumer of the food”.</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">How often have we heard the expressions made with love, homemade
is best, lovin from the oven, or my favorite- no one makes it like my mom. Recipes
that have been handed down through multiple generations don’t have a byline to “make
while in a good frame of mind” but the act of cooking heritage dishes by women
is a powerful expression of cultural traditions. The consumption of these
dishes connects families to the past and to memories of the ancestors who
shared the recipes and traditions for future generations. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A mother’s words are often the first that a child hears. The significance
of language to the Indigenous community in retaining their cultural heritage
has been an important initiative for many women. Nora Thompson Dean worked with Jim Rementer in
recording and developing the </span><a href="https://www.talk-lenape.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lenape
Talking Dictionary</span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">. Francine
Patterson (1952-2020), a previous clan mother of the Tuscarora learned the
language from elders, she later recorded the language to develop a
comprehensive Tuscarora dictionary. The work of these women and other members
of the Native American tribal community are working to preserve their language
and culture for future generations. Teaching children their native language is important
in identifying with their heritage and is a practice continued today by cultures
around the world. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUxqq8mfcUd2r8x1RAFHHPrt_ZcZPkca8p9Tew3z7yR7vQxK4mxT6fEExQ0kmZwU1fMzNobmL0cP4-Uz_e7H7Z31CXa3jmTc4O9IruYeplVe11zuLyyrh2c4kzszaVkQJdivHes9EeyKziQHjVO5OgKiZzhOWBuIRxtwb3nEsbM8MUJ5kPYswnkBU36w/s1311/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="983" data-original-width="1311" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUxqq8mfcUd2r8x1RAFHHPrt_ZcZPkca8p9Tew3z7yR7vQxK4mxT6fEExQ0kmZwU1fMzNobmL0cP4-Uz_e7H7Z31CXa3jmTc4O9IruYeplVe11zuLyyrh2c4kzszaVkQJdivHes9EeyKziQHjVO5OgKiZzhOWBuIRxtwb3nEsbM8MUJ5kPYswnkBU36w/w400-h300/Picture4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><i>Francine Patterson, of the Tuscarora Nation sharing cultural heritage with a class of high school students. Image from the collection of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.</i><br /><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Women in Indigenous cultures made pottery from clay, sand, shell,
and grit; all by hand while teaching their daughters the craft and skill
required to make a cooking or storage vessel. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">They cleaned and scraped animal hides to sew garments,
gathered reeds and grasses to make baskets, collected fruits and nuts in
addition to tending gardens and they were the caretakers of the elders. The
definition of multi-tasking was unknown to them, but their tenacity gave them
the ability to do all these tasks.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXeevje_2iogsMW6Oy-Dpjd7HgcWAVGphHtTaILf3UNfznocnqlowPkg5AVj_NdqvvP7d0YvAaJFTMrI9PJP5poir0hLPVFpoi50GPhGMFRtTesKohxQeP2qa1pd0D9J_fAaat-GoK4hcEsPCvtDzElp5XrTR7uXZmCp4Z7jvglbn1JWjBgPhxetWsUQ/s624/Picture5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="624" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXeevje_2iogsMW6Oy-Dpjd7HgcWAVGphHtTaILf3UNfznocnqlowPkg5AVj_NdqvvP7d0YvAaJFTMrI9PJP5poir0hLPVFpoi50GPhGMFRtTesKohxQeP2qa1pd0D9J_fAaat-GoK4hcEsPCvtDzElp5XrTR7uXZmCp4Z7jvglbn1JWjBgPhxetWsUQ/w400-h244/Picture5.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoCaption"><i><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Native American pottery.
Image from the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">This same tenacity has been demonstrated by women from all
cultures and times. Farm laborers and domestics became the factory workers of
the Industrial era.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Women working in the
mills were controlled by company rules and long hours of work at minimal wages.
These are the women who led the way for labor laws, voting rights, and access
to advanced education. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sacrifices of
those before us opened up opportunities to be mechanics, soldiers, fire
fighters and scientists. Women are clan mothers, union leaders, caregivers,
teachers, and librarians whose contributions to society are heralded. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Some of these women are among those
highlighted in the many articles surrounding Women’s History Month, but of
equal significance are the autonomous women, often silent, who continuously labor
to preserve their heritage and cultural traditions. </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Archaeologists examine the artifacts
of the past- broken pottery, hide scrapers, porcelain dish fragments, canning
jars, and sewing implements as items of material culture to aid in interpreting
daily activities of the people who made or used these objects. As such, we look
for patterns of distribution to examine movement across the landscape, we
search for changes in technology- shape or size of a projectile point, temper
or design of the pottery, dietary remains- all tools for reconstructing the
past. Examining these remains, the tangible evidence of past cultures, and putting
them in the proper context can be challenging. Making the connection to their cultural
significance often relies on the keepers of cultural heritage. Thank you to the
women of the world who continue to practice your cultural </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">traditions and share your knowledge with others. We hope
you’ve enjoyed this post in celebration of women and invite you to visit our </span><a href="http://twipa.blogspot.com/search?q=women+of+archaeology" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Women of
Archaeology</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> blogs on this site as well as the on-line collections
of </span><a href="https://www.phmc.pa.gov/Museums/Online-Collection/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Pennsylvania
Historical and Museum Commission</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">.</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>References</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Kraft, Herbert C.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">1983 <i>The
Lenape, Archaeology, History, and Ethnography</i>. New Jersey Historical
Society.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> <br /></o:p>Parker, Arthur C.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1989 Seneca Myths
and Folk Tales. Introduction by William C. Fenton. Lincoln: University of
Nebraska Press.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Snow, Dean R. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1994 The Iroquois
(Peoples of America). Blackwell Publishers, Malden.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> <br /></o:p>3/14/2023</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://delawaretribe.org/blog/2016/08/07/some-of-the-ways-of-the-delaware-indian-women/#:~:text=The%20Lenape%20are%20matrilineal%20which,the%20case%20with%20European%20royalty" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">https://delawaretribe.org/blog/2016/08/07/some-of-the-ways-of-the-delaware-indian-women/#:~:text=The%20Lenape%20are%20matrilineal%20which,the%20case%20with%20European%20royalty</span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/historical-life-as-a-haudenosaunee/family-structure/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">https://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/historical-life-as-a-haudenosaunee/family-structure/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-88037416015704753312023-03-06T11:25:00.009-05:002023-03-08T19:54:31.375-05:00Bannerstones<div>This week in Pennsylvania Archaeology is revisiting an earlier discussion of bannerstones, an enigmatic artifact type for sure. They appear in the Eastern Woodlands of North America during the Middle Atlantic period (9,000 - 6,000 years ago) and are most commonly found through the Late Archaic/Transitional period (6,000 - 4,300 years ago). They were made in a multitude of (Knoblock, 1939) shapes. From a variety of lithic materials and share a general symmetry and often are drilled through the center. There are several theories as to their use and function for the Indigenous peoples who crafted them.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-UJP0XW6yY_7QzFS4MDBcQ2LSage75m78Wcyh70fOZMhCjzEIERiHmHBgREhmgmmlSR09W4OzC1TuT3fjFmzdMTrATrxc7WK9p5aZwyGVNY8u4nJ4IHfscscf1iW00nYRVCxc-snY9bs4wgSh70SURRJtAuwykDH5ot1VVkWeUBZ2gzaiBJKDroDyKg/s624/Picture1.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="558" data-original-width="624" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-UJP0XW6yY_7QzFS4MDBcQ2LSage75m78Wcyh70fOZMhCjzEIERiHmHBgREhmgmmlSR09W4OzC1TuT3fjFmzdMTrATrxc7WK9p5aZwyGVNY8u4nJ4IHfscscf1iW00nYRVCxc-snY9bs4wgSh70SURRJtAuwykDH5ot1VVkWeUBZ2gzaiBJKDroDyKg/w400-h358/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>The name bannerstone comes from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Conrad_Abbott" target="_blank">Dr. C. C. Abbott</a> who put forth the theory in the early 20th century that they may have been used during ceremonies as banners or like standards. Abbott suggested this because they are centrally drilled, as if to be placed on a handle, and most are highly polished, demonstrating a great deal of craftsmanship and effort. In support of this hypothesis, a cache of three bannerstones were discovered in 1908 by chance while plowing a field in North Carolina. They wereattached to a staff, which was decorated with rings, precisely fitting the drilled holes of the bannerstones (Baer, 1921).</div><div><p>Another theory is that they were used as weights on the end of a throwing stick or atlatl. Excavations conducted during the 1930’s under the WPA (Works Projects Administration) by William S. Webb, from the University of Kentucky at the Indian Knoll site recovered 42 bannerstones including “elements of throwing sticks know as atlatls” (Blume 2021).</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq8miJt7YnZ_4oJYFkv4znyTWxBU0cVejBOMseQ3ABLglP2T7GCovlBMlCQ-ciwAjIhUxTVnrKizbawAyAR4gM1Hleq_i5PSe3fmQwh2_hlQKXW8XcQnlU8gTmnvobPVfHj24CeeDCBhfXuEM5Ln6saJvFkvAoqkEwWRhUsjiQDu5qytBR4UzYz85LUw/s1430/Picture2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1084" data-original-width="1430" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq8miJt7YnZ_4oJYFkv4znyTWxBU0cVejBOMseQ3ABLglP2T7GCovlBMlCQ-ciwAjIhUxTVnrKizbawAyAR4gM1Hleq_i5PSe3fmQwh2_hlQKXW8XcQnlU8gTmnvobPVfHj24CeeDCBhfXuEM5Ln6saJvFkvAoqkEwWRhUsjiQDu5qytBR4UzYz85LUw/w400-h304/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p>It is suggested that adding the weight of the bannerstone to the atalatl , increased the velocity of the spear that was thrown, as pictured above. Subsequent research has questioned the weighted atlatl as having little to no additional benefit.</p><p>Yet another theory is that they were used as a spindle whorl in the production of twine or cordage. . Suspended fibers could be attached to the bannerstone spindle which could then be spun to consolidate t the fibers creating twine. The winged shape would make the spinning an easy action.</p><p>The Archaeology collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania contain hundreds of complete and fragmented bannerstones. As some of our ardent followers may recall Sam Azzaro, a 2014 intern from Dickinson College worked with some of our bannerstones creating a detailed inventory that included descriptions, weights, and measurements. He <a href="http://twipa.blogspot.com/search?q=bannerstones" target="_blank">blogged</a> about his research on January 30, 2015. A subsequent intern Naomi Ulmer created a similar database with our axe collection. She was able to build on the bannerstone data by including 25 bannerstones with the many axes that she and former Senior Curator Dr. Kurt Carr and Dr. Robert Smith, Pennsylvania Geological Survey analyzed, to determine lithic types for both axes and bannerstones. Of those analyzed the majority were made of serpentine, a metamorphic rock composed of various minerals, as a result it can appear in many colors, but the eastern variety is often tan or beige (Carr, 2015).</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnT4U4HYTFuSNYgxVLdGZIzQGGZCQ1-AXCf0JJGRqyKs6gdB4k9BcjjI_pRt6GNGe77owHG9fBapTLIUxLEFPrlzat6Dg84MaEx5P9WttZvWyFz-723Dm7D6HxMl2vEnOqsgjyLvGB2qo-Fyno0VHndeCnVS7hsYlAaTw37z0vwiM_fnAMXiZqo9ZDtw/s1430/Picture3.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1113" data-original-width="1430" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnT4U4HYTFuSNYgxVLdGZIzQGGZCQ1-AXCf0JJGRqyKs6gdB4k9BcjjI_pRt6GNGe77owHG9fBapTLIUxLEFPrlzat6Dg84MaEx5P9WttZvWyFz-723Dm7D6HxMl2vEnOqsgjyLvGB2qo-Fyno0VHndeCnVS7hsYlAaTw37z0vwiM_fnAMXiZqo9ZDtw/w400-h311/Picture3.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg4LLXVjwC1sfPUPbVoEFwJclCa6hgLQMnlD38e2-GSK6gHTAazOMraVTyOvgx9WEBP3YkcpXRNO08OqSPU2L-9SwCPsSeUKXXnzZ70Ljsr58a5Ep3ItHNcWY15NrYpYrmPx7SLRbV4i8DapACn4f7XbuiYwV-WsPd5xGNTeTbpkY0T5eWxGwQa4A3ig/s1430/Picture4.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1245" data-original-width="1430" height="349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg4LLXVjwC1sfPUPbVoEFwJclCa6hgLQMnlD38e2-GSK6gHTAazOMraVTyOvgx9WEBP3YkcpXRNO08OqSPU2L-9SwCPsSeUKXXnzZ70Ljsr58a5Ep3ItHNcWY15NrYpYrmPx7SLRbV4i8DapACn4f7XbuiYwV-WsPd5xGNTeTbpkY0T5eWxGwQa4A3ig/w400-h349/Picture4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoCaption"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>Blackwall is an igneous rock
that transformed over time, becoming a form of serpentine schist.</i></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu-Q1f9VCbscsvxh7FzQM-VP-ZcD0zKfJz_eB02J710pNmh4wfVbPkNSrN9agm8oyjjdDtQ3ev1acFGpM2awGjHFLYyeDapmjFygWz4nJoquZt4j-PsOMZUvv9aeFt1Q2Cwy4ClMdnjuTCHvVwOt45FOftr-zwSLKiLxbeB7NMtc-hIq2SssQ4Qr7YHA/s1430/Picture5.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1382" data-original-width="1430" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu-Q1f9VCbscsvxh7FzQM-VP-ZcD0zKfJz_eB02J710pNmh4wfVbPkNSrN9agm8oyjjdDtQ3ev1acFGpM2awGjHFLYyeDapmjFygWz4nJoquZt4j-PsOMZUvv9aeFt1Q2Cwy4ClMdnjuTCHvVwOt45FOftr-zwSLKiLxbeB7NMtc-hIq2SssQ4Qr7YHA/w400-h386/Picture5.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoCaption"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>Greywackes are
characteristically hard, dark gray-green coarse-grained sandstone</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG8-AXRxp9onBoDmHrBiZGaiOIgoEDO1SuKXZJ_jnS-ii8WahexXC20pl-CZpeRtlkBmekma9Q-1mrDzDWRmAJ2gPUoVwr-aVbEu-Xs_dJZcC35CkJWEGIIJYT2YwDo5VUx5nDC-bQgqpTBF0QYQMxmQniVi8-YctrnlD5mEEb3bLqEtSq1XG2Zk5bHQ/s1430/Picture6.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1029" data-original-width="1430" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG8-AXRxp9onBoDmHrBiZGaiOIgoEDO1SuKXZJ_jnS-ii8WahexXC20pl-CZpeRtlkBmekma9Q-1mrDzDWRmAJ2gPUoVwr-aVbEu-Xs_dJZcC35CkJWEGIIJYT2YwDo5VUx5nDC-bQgqpTBF0QYQMxmQniVi8-YctrnlD5mEEb3bLqEtSq1XG2Zk5bHQ/w400-h288/Picture6.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><i>Hornblende
is a metamorphic rock with a high silica content.</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDuZBFl2gSj5RATNTznRLhALcX1fNWbtXTfMO4IX6A_O_AooBSnKh6_Zl7gD4D2okJsBTBV87YVo3IyeusDPFd0LAhWVblaoc5bup5PNuhqi6FC6wzoFXS-CPyBCKMrWnW6RipAP5stfHEmz5_T9_HpteBlX4Z1nPhM5yDg6IaTd5lJUembOtX2EZGSg/s1430/Picture7.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="992" data-original-width="1430" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDuZBFl2gSj5RATNTznRLhALcX1fNWbtXTfMO4IX6A_O_AooBSnKh6_Zl7gD4D2okJsBTBV87YVo3IyeusDPFd0LAhWVblaoc5bup5PNuhqi6FC6wzoFXS-CPyBCKMrWnW6RipAP5stfHEmz5_T9_HpteBlX4Z1nPhM5yDg6IaTd5lJUembOtX2EZGSg/w400-h278/Picture7.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoCaption"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>Steatite is a very soft,
metamorphic stone often referred to as soapstone.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>Other anomalies of the bannerstones include the question of why so many are found with incompletely drilled holes. Sometimes the appearance is of a clearly unfinished bannerstone, so not being drilled is understandable, but in many cases the artifact appears “finished” and is highly polished but exhibits only a partially drilled hole. Approximately 32 percent of the bannerstones analyzed by Sam Azzaro were either not drilled or only partially drilled.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Yrl3iflSPfOSmLmzfqNXbUZHTI9qKeVUqhs-ComY7VYWZySpnyhIUAzKHdt6m5ags2FVV9GGaicVdzF6lEccrj16OM7Ky8f3h0hlmuCyrSl55SV298PLCf-33UBaqaIz-GKtt0YhIlt14tYT6Kvru7fHfWuAsYKdqPovig_szBh8COTKVSDbyDS7gA/s481/Picture8.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="407" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Yrl3iflSPfOSmLmzfqNXbUZHTI9qKeVUqhs-ComY7VYWZySpnyhIUAzKHdt6m5ags2FVV9GGaicVdzF6lEccrj16OM7Ky8f3h0hlmuCyrSl55SV298PLCf-33UBaqaIz-GKtt0YhIlt14tYT6Kvru7fHfWuAsYKdqPovig_szBh8COTKVSDbyDS7gA/w339-h400/Picture8.PNG" width="339" /></a></div><br /><p>Many of the bannerstone fragments recovered feature intentionally drilled holes in the wings. These may be repair holes to rebind the broken pieces back together. Were the bannerstones special beyond</p><p>their function? Their significance may have been so important that even after they broke, they were redrilled and reused as pendants, sinew, or tally stones.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhKTXjwEdqEopX76QKPjteLSS_tHmEXWNt7aVAQenGN8JB8FHZKUhHF25lTbQ2geJPoeUgj5N-wzFIE9wmD5oP9ORV_KQ80J1jZK5fOxAT-rzLxXQjQbmbKlGmF-P_eUSTlPrAFR9KX_z2UiIvEbHO4DkgWxwpYfKaWG5b6CwzlLqDEY9cmaMjCp-6TA/s1320/Picture9.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1320" data-original-width="1309" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhKTXjwEdqEopX76QKPjteLSS_tHmEXWNt7aVAQenGN8JB8FHZKUhHF25lTbQ2geJPoeUgj5N-wzFIE9wmD5oP9ORV_KQ80J1jZK5fOxAT-rzLxXQjQbmbKlGmF-P_eUSTlPrAFR9KX_z2UiIvEbHO4DkgWxwpYfKaWG5b6CwzlLqDEY9cmaMjCp-6TA/w396-h400/Picture9.png" width="396" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><i>Broken wing from a bannerstone with 2 drill holes. Image from the collection of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.</i><br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWFEfGoGIuRFVo7pAcnnOav7UKO37zw76jdMNgp_zDuflPVs-e_2UYQWP3EuAi_GqcDjm52AUmk_XfePxmxlTkym-v8sVZnmKxgp5m-o3gOW9w8rLnYThjTUhMjmzelQRW_0SznhliMDPqaK3nRfwOK4qPsMqEJu5k66jbCXUaUVBQjTBwMmPwR4uuhQ/s1320/Picture10.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1246" data-original-width="1320" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWFEfGoGIuRFVo7pAcnnOav7UKO37zw76jdMNgp_zDuflPVs-e_2UYQWP3EuAi_GqcDjm52AUmk_XfePxmxlTkym-v8sVZnmKxgp5m-o3gOW9w8rLnYThjTUhMjmzelQRW_0SznhliMDPqaK3nRfwOK4qPsMqEJu5k66jbCXUaUVBQjTBwMmPwR4uuhQ/w400-h378/Picture10.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoCaption"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>Drilled bannerstone
fragment, image from the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania<o:p></o:p></i></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p>As with so many things, especially archaeology, the more we learn the more questions we have and clearly many questions remain about this enigmatic artifact, the bannerstone.</p><p>We hope you have enjoyed this blog and will continue to visit us as we highlight the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania, Section of Archaeology. We invite you to view <a href="https://www.phmc.pa.gov/Museums/Online-Collection/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">additional pieces</a> from our collections.</p><p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="color: #212529;">Baer, John Leonard 1921 A Preliminary Report on the So-Called
“Bannerstones”. <i>American Anthropologist</i> 23(4):445-459.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="color: #212529;">Blume, Anna 2021
Bannerstones, an Introduction. </span><a href="https://smarthistory.org/bannerstones/" target="_blank"><i>Smarthistory</i></a><i><span style="color: #212529;">, </span></i><span style="color: #212529;">accessed 2/24/2023<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #212529;">Carr, Kurt</span> <span style="color: #212529;">2015</span> <span style="color: #212529;">Analysis Notes<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #212529;">Herbstritt, James 2023 Personal Communication<o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="color: #212529;">Knoblock, Byron 1939 <i>Bannerstones of the North American Indian</i>.
Self-published, LaGrange, Illinois<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><br /></p></div><div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-40213043544232656922023-02-21T13:32:00.002-05:002023-02-21T13:32:31.529-05:00Put a Lid on It: Canning Jar Closures in Pennsylvania’s Archaeological Record<div><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">While home canning has recently seen </span><a href="https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?q=%2Fm%2F01c4r0&date=all&geo=US" style="color: #954f72; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;" target="_blank">a rise in popularity</a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">, its peak was during the mid-20</span><sup style="font-family: Calibri;">th</sup><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">century. Promoted as an economical way to make produce available throughout the cold winter months, home canning was a common household practice that has been frequently recorded in the archaeological record of historic domestic sites. Historically, Pennsylvania has been an important center for glass manufacture due to its richness in natural resources, and several canning jar and lid manufactures had production centers within the state. The State Museum of Pennsylvania’s Section of Archaeology curates archaeological collections from across Pennsylvania, including many examples of home canning supplies recovered from archaeological contexts. Due to the fragility of the glass containers, the most frequent examples of complete items from the archaeological record are the glass lids or lid liners that were used to seal the glass jars. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">The story of home canning begins in 1795 when Napoleon Bonaparte (yes, that one) offered a reward for a new method of preserving food with the intent that it help provision French troops while at sea. Nicholas Appert, a French inventor, and scientist won the award in 1809, launching a new era in food preservation. His work can be found published as <a href="https://archive.org/details/CAT11013880/page/n5/mode/2up" style="color: #954f72;" target="_blank"><i>The book for all households; or, The art of preserving animal and vegetable substances for many years</i></a>.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">During World War I and World War II, advertising campaigns promoted home gardening and canning to supplement wartime rations and to make the best use of household victory gardens. The classic <a href="https://youtu.be/8IGrzzIybNo" style="color: #954f72;" target="_blank">1948 children’s book <i>Blueberries for Sal</i></a> calls to mind the adventures of young Sal as she accompanies her mother to collect blueberries for canning.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRxYzBGRm_tDPkn9_vzNMFXbOzZVkX7Asg-cjiRThsEbwne_UMnIp5kvHTDBS4i_aqdIiPk-2Ba4dXAb8IHwHDohy4tJGe3N5Y--LeJmexmspfh1FIgYpnfCeRi8CfJoJSjJfXvkSMUIGMM0DO9Q5Rfp_qPPrsddet3ZUteGOa023roZcC6d5M0_0LHQ/s502/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="502" data-original-width="316" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRxYzBGRm_tDPkn9_vzNMFXbOzZVkX7Asg-cjiRThsEbwne_UMnIp5kvHTDBS4i_aqdIiPk-2Ba4dXAb8IHwHDohy4tJGe3N5Y--LeJmexmspfh1FIgYpnfCeRi8CfJoJSjJfXvkSMUIGMM0DO9Q5Rfp_qPPrsddet3ZUteGOa023roZcC6d5M0_0LHQ/w251-h400/Picture1.png" width="251" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><i>This 1918 poster was created by Leonebel Jacobs for the National War Garden Commission to promote home gardening and food preservation during World War I.<o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Early canning jars utilized corks or wax seals. They were difficult to seal and prone to spoilage, leading to illness or death for those with the misfortune of consuming the contaminated contents. A major advancement to canning jar technology came when John L. Mason of New York patented the Mason Jar in 1858.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Below are a few of the canning jar styles that have been identified at archaeological sites in Pennsylvania.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvnkx3jpksfBjsKocwKTCS46dAZ20uNA6mnWzlx6Emp5s-BoO9N6BM2QVCQayC6D_f3LOG5liJYbUfjSv37rU_Hjm3ly20s0aKscKCDQJOuggNgQkk5eXwJDwcBIWccXRD3BXua11hA7k6wHgfNL1e-S70GxshPM7dzCuFip-odXzpu01wlWCeuxkDFw/s651/Picture2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="428" data-original-width="651" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvnkx3jpksfBjsKocwKTCS46dAZ20uNA6mnWzlx6Emp5s-BoO9N6BM2QVCQayC6D_f3LOG5liJYbUfjSv37rU_Hjm3ly20s0aKscKCDQJOuggNgQkk5eXwJDwcBIWccXRD3BXua11hA7k6wHgfNL1e-S70GxshPM7dzCuFip-odXzpu01wlWCeuxkDFw/w400-h263/Picture2.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><i>This Ball Perfect Mason jar (left) would have been sealed with a rubber gasket (visible), a glass lid liner (right), and a metal screw top lid (not shown). (photos: The State Museum of Pennsylvania)<o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The Ball Mason jar can probably be considered the quintessential canning jar, although the lids have undergone some improvements. The white milk glass lid liners shown above would have been placed inside a solid metal lid and accompanied by a rubber gasket. Unlike today’s canning jars, these solid metal lids remained in place when the jar was stored. The jar shown here dates to between 1910 and 1923. The dates for Ball Mason jars can be determined by the style in which the word “Ball” is depicted. The small lid (upper right), manufactured by the Hero Fruit Jar Co. in Philadelphia, was made between 1884 and 1909.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVjzMO4WVw1O5_RdsUOBuqg7zluz95dg6DmEC1Qz74ZnvPjOOa3sREktTcocdmPAOc7zqACKwYtL8pGsUVHAIscUPbREjRhCIPiZzfFFIbyClsM8Xib2MsMGbZ6AidHmpNTNjRVlGXVJBE_ObNP0y9LFkGBFgyfGGplXKeFgopqSndBP3w06jEdcPGCA/s616/Picture3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="249" data-original-width="616" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVjzMO4WVw1O5_RdsUOBuqg7zluz95dg6DmEC1Qz74ZnvPjOOa3sREktTcocdmPAOc7zqACKwYtL8pGsUVHAIscUPbREjRhCIPiZzfFFIbyClsM8Xib2MsMGbZ6AidHmpNTNjRVlGXVJBE_ObNP0y9LFkGBFgyfGGplXKeFgopqSndBP3w06jEdcPGCA/w400-h161/Picture3.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><i>These lids were used with lightning style closures. The raised area atop the lid provided a place for the wire closure to securely rest. (left photo: public domain, right photo: The State Museum of Pennsylvania. </i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Jars with a lightning closure also called “wire bail type” used a hinged wire to firmly hold the lid to the jar with a rubber gasket used to form the seal. Although this closure had been in use on other bottle types at earlier dates, Putnam received a patent for the closure on wide-mouth jars in 1882. These jars remained popular into the 20</span><sup>th</sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> century.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP0kvUZ0uqfZK746hCZq9grsltekCPN2GWAPbvCauuXs2eogGcsynFWEQS0nwvWbhE9AT5ucqZJJxLB6tSP6EAlxLRamfGuY2vCvjZs1q_jdGvlBCzSgWa4yv9e6tBwCLS2WgBFZbKFG36vwq-jy8UJkG0nhR2s5oIxpNrhbXhmzneVcd2PGQMTFKjHA/s592/picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="592" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP0kvUZ0uqfZK746hCZq9grsltekCPN2GWAPbvCauuXs2eogGcsynFWEQS0nwvWbhE9AT5ucqZJJxLB6tSP6EAlxLRamfGuY2vCvjZs1q_jdGvlBCzSgWa4yv9e6tBwCLS2WgBFZbKFG36vwq-jy8UJkG0nhR2s5oIxpNrhbXhmzneVcd2PGQMTFKjHA/w400-h225/picture4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><i>This style of canning jar may have been used with an open-top style metal lid. The lid on the left bears a cross used by the Hero Glass Works of Philadelphia. (left photo: courtesy of John Whitley, right photo: The State Museum of Pennsylvania)</i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Another style of canning lid closure that was popular in the late 19</span><sup>th</sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">century utilized a glass lid that could be used with an open top style metal lid and resembling the metal lid rings used today. A cross, attributed to the Hero Glass Works of Philadelphia or its successor The Hero Fruit Jar Company, Pennsylvania, appears in the center of the left lid shown in the image above.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The Hero Glass Works was in operation from at least 1856-1884 before its name was changed to the Hero Fruit Jar Co, which operated until 1909.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><i> </i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">During the late 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries, several Pennsylvania glass manufacturers came and went, and frequently, companies had several regional manufacturing plants. Unfortunately, their products were not always marked in such a way that they can be definitively linked to a particular manufacturing site. What we can see from the archaeological record is the widespread popularity of home canning and the different styles of jar closures that were used over time.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></p></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">We encourage you to visit the on-line collections of the <a href="https://www.phmc.pa.gov/Museums/Online-Collection/Pages/default.aspx" style="color: #954f72;" target="_blank">Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission </a>to see additional examples of artifacts from Pennsylvania’s past.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b>References:<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Lockhart, Schriever, Lindsey et al</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">n.d. Henry W. Putnam and the Lightning Fastener. Society for Historical Archaeology. <a href="https://sha.org/bottle/pdffiles/HenryPutnam.pdf" style="color: #954f72;" target="_blank">https://sha.org/bottle/pdffiles/HenryPutnam.pdf</a>, accessed 2/15/2023.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">n.d. The Hero Glass Firms. Society for Historical Archaeology. <a href="https://sha.org/bottle/pdffiles/Hero.pdf" style="color: #954f72;" target="_blank">https://sha.org/bottle/pdffiles/Hero.pdf</a>, accessed 2/15/2023.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">United States Department of Agriculture</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">n.d. Canning Timeline Table. <a href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/ipd/canning/timeline-table" style="color: #954f72;" target="_blank">https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/ipd/canning/timeline-table</a>, accessed 2/15/2023.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Toulouse, Julian Harrison</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">1971 Bottle Makers and Their Marks. The Blackburn Press, Caldwell.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 15.693333625793457px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Weiskircher, Joan</p><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt;">2003</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt;">Hazel-Atlas: A Home-Grown Corporation. West Virginia Historical Society Quarterly, VOL. XVII, NO. 2, April, 2003.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><a href="https://archive.wvculture.org/history/wvhs/wvhs1721.html" style="color: #954f72; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt;" target="_blank">https://archive.wvculture.org/history/wvhs/wvhs1721.html</a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11pt;">, accessed 2/13/2023.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-71141395545157053392023-02-06T15:24:00.001-05:002023-02-06T15:30:01.273-05:00Late Archaic and the Panhandle Archaic complex in southwestern Pennsylvania, Veigh Collection Update<div><br /></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">This week in Pennsylvania
Archaeology (TWIPA) continues with updates from the <a href="http://twipa.blogspot.com/search?q=veigh" target="_blank">Fred Veigh</a> donation. Veigh’s
recently cataloged site, Beck’s Hilltop (36WH0647) from Washington County will
aid us in examining a southern regional cultural phenomenon in the Upper Ohio
Valley. Referred to as the Panhandle Archaic complex (Mayer-Oakes 1955), it
roughly dates to 3000-5000 years ago during the Mid-Holocene. It spans the tail
end of the Atlantic climatic episode characterized by a warm moist environment
with relatively stable meandering river conditions by 6000 BP (Vento et al.
2020). Late Archaic hunter-gatherer groups were well adapted to the temperate
forest conditions throughout Pennsylvania by these times. Social adaptations to
higher population levels and predictable food sources are reflected in the
archaeological record by greater regionalization of projectile point types and
diversity of tools used to exploit riverine and upland resources, frequent site
re-use, and range of site size and function. In other words, larger extended
family groups and potentially inter-family groups (bands) began gathering in
predictable seasonal patterns, primarily in river valleys to use seasonally
available resources more intensively. Examples include spawning fish in the
spring and freshwater mollusks at low river levels and ripening wild fruit, grains,
and nuts in the late summer/fall. Panhandle Archaic people returned to smaller
family groups, microbands, in the winter and times of leaner resource
availability. <o:p></o:p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJlMiw1YAYOnGgpQK1NQMSZNsXBKNvHT_zPLwB0IhEpV9E2tznkBZc4PexcvJicci5Ajch4wQjecsJWQau8MelVgLMaZ0h3trGNHnyKlQfb_Jo8ejlx_6kwxqZh4bil_owRiyhg7clY9jq7gtlGYcGgfXHUVWavf6VpKcfeubttHR4T3nBmYkPW3zYLw/s434/Picture1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="434" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJlMiw1YAYOnGgpQK1NQMSZNsXBKNvHT_zPLwB0IhEpV9E2tznkBZc4PexcvJicci5Ajch4wQjecsJWQau8MelVgLMaZ0h3trGNHnyKlQfb_Jo8ejlx_6kwxqZh4bil_owRiyhg7clY9jq7gtlGYcGgfXHUVWavf6VpKcfeubttHR4T3nBmYkPW3zYLw/w400-h356/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Adapted From: (Vento et al. 2020:
Figure 1.1 (20)).<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">There was a climatic shift around
4300 yrs ago, called the Sub-Boreal. A warm dry climate that led to higher
instances of drought punctuated by severe storms and floods. In the eastern regions
of Pennsylvania, archaeologists refer to this time as the Transitional Period (2700-4300
yrs ago), defined by the presence of broadspear projectile points and steatite
bowl fragments. This corresponds with an overall intensification of Late
Archaic hunter-gatherer lifeways expressed as larger semi-permanent to near-permanent
base camps in riverine settings from the spring through fall, then into family hunting
groups in the winter. While some traditionally diagnostic Transitional sites were
present in western, Pennsylvania, they are rare comparatively speaking. (Vento
et al. 2020; Cowin and Neusius 2020; Carr and Moeller 2015; Carr et al. 2020)</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The Panhandle Archaic complex was
originally defined by archaeologist William J. Mayer-Oakes in the 1950s based
on artifacts recovered from non-systematic vocational excavations at East Steubenville
(46BR31), and other investigations at shell midden sites—Globe Hill (46HK34-1),
New Cumberland (46HK1), and Half Moon (46BK29)—on the Ohio River in northern
West Virginia. At these sites, the basic pH level of calcium carbonate in large
deposits of mussel shell waste neutralized acidic soils, preserving bone
artifacts and dietary remains generally lost in the archaeological record.
Mayer-Oakes characterized the Panhandle Archaic complex by a series of
diagnostic artifacts including Steubenville lanceolate and stemmed projectile
points, three-quarter grooved round poll and pointed-poll adzes, crescent-shaped
bannerstones, and stemmed bone points. Other artifacts associated with the
complex, but noted as not necessarily diagnostic, were Brewerton-like side-notched
projectile points, straight and expanded-base drills, plain adzes, and bone and
antler tools (Mayer-Oakes, 1955).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmXWHFoPujGsxh7-0V2SdQ5X0n4szIEqxYV4UVM7fZoPBhqd1BfyIC0jEzbD5o6fYvSUMb0yuM47vkPyvkUACqEdPHSjc3YHDaPnj1m-Topp_MAp--x-La1YBzF7WlsBi7rU5yRz2zh1ifSX_9EkdyJuJcduwJEmxY9KaK6KYXV9tgaj5E_hrdieHYAQ/s617/Picture3.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="617" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmXWHFoPujGsxh7-0V2SdQ5X0n4szIEqxYV4UVM7fZoPBhqd1BfyIC0jEzbD5o6fYvSUMb0yuM47vkPyvkUACqEdPHSjc3YHDaPnj1m-Topp_MAp--x-La1YBzF7WlsBi7rU5yRz2zh1ifSX_9EkdyJuJcduwJEmxY9KaK6KYXV9tgaj5E_hrdieHYAQ/w400-h264/Picture3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">A- Antler drifts, B- Bone notched,
joint end and splinter awls, C- Bone perforated awl, D- Bone perforated stemmed
point or harpoon, E- Cut, polished and perforated bear jaw, F- Bird bone bead,
G- Steubenville stemmed and lanceolate projectile points, H- Side-notched
projectile point, I- Steubenville lanceolate knife, J- Straight and expanded
base drills, K- Bi-pitted hammerstone, L- Notched pebble net sinker, M- Pointed-poll
adze, N- Core chopper, O- crescent bannerstone. Adapted From: (Carr and Moeller
2015: (101))</span></i><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">In the subsequent seventy years
of the Upper Ohio Valley, greater regional surface surveys in southwestern
Pennsylvania, northern West Virginia, and eastern Ohio have documented
Steubenville points and knives from a variety of topographical settings that were
not always associated with shell middens. These include upland sites and floodplain
bottomlands, as well as the high riverine terraces generally associated with the
first identified shell midden sites (Lothrop 2007; Cowin and Neusius 2020; Tippins
2020). These settlement patterns paint a broader picture of territorial range, group
mobility, and provides some insight into subsistence and other targeted
resource activities, like repeat visits to known stone quarry sources for Ten
Mile, Uniontown, Loyalhanna, and Monongahela chert in southwestern Pennsylvania
(Carr et al 2022).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdVqpQ0jrg6zxYSg3G1wvxyxD-jIe75NHTZZGX_mQWQRBoKfWQFyAIURBPLZyAC9_M_Wav9Kx3gafFk92yqiI7WGeqarwNlMHUyFZY9ftt781CNqhsEgGmo5J5qWjv790Gh-9o5zpvOO6erEqLThWUJw7N01M6sSrWv8Ov4IJs50KDHaWppOwzqwDiIg/s625/Picture4.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="625" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdVqpQ0jrg6zxYSg3G1wvxyxD-jIe75NHTZZGX_mQWQRBoKfWQFyAIURBPLZyAC9_M_Wav9Kx3gafFk92yqiI7WGeqarwNlMHUyFZY9ftt781CNqhsEgGmo5J5qWjv790Gh-9o5zpvOO6erEqLThWUJw7N01M6sSrWv8Ov4IJs50KDHaWppOwzqwDiIg/w400-h238/Picture4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Map of the Lithic Quarries Reported
in Pennsylvania and Major Quarries in Adjacent States. From (Carr et al. 2020:
Figure 1.3 (6))<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">However, large scale data
recovery projects conducted in the last thirty years have deepened our
understanding of Late Archaic and Transitional lifeways in the Upper Ohio River
Basin. Absolute dates obtained from undisturbed contexts, data regarding diet,
subsistence, technology, seasonal mobility patterns, and potential insights
into intra and inter-cultural interactions through trade and exchange of
resources and flow of ideas as expressed in material culture are some of the
results of these investigations. This data still constitutes only a handful of Panhandle
Archaic complex sites, the majority of which are multi-component and/or unstratified.
There is still much research needed to better understand the Late Archaic
lifeways of this region. (Carr et al. 2020; Cowin and Neusius 2020; Lothrop
2007).</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Considering the distribution of
Steubenville projectile points and knives in isolation, the map below depicts
the range of Panhandle Archaic influence in western Pennsylvania, with the
highest concentration of sites on the Ohio, Allegheny and Monongahela drainage systems
in Beaver, Allegheny, Greene, and Washington Counties.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7lXbOQZfOoRxYYxigQmr3zgGI-9fNGmRQI0ap8YjwbhUaBMtI6jpcqThDpkFkdby0pMIWhYxEBy61klM-hMBMQCIrBnIW_INCF3SiABSx4bCF9zIPDefJOLl8XeX-byMgmSiF--mE0yFPYuq0ZTbWQD0VBppLOvZpvPGWDnb17dL9G03tKb8d9ZMyyQ/s623/Picture5.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="623" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7lXbOQZfOoRxYYxigQmr3zgGI-9fNGmRQI0ap8YjwbhUaBMtI6jpcqThDpkFkdby0pMIWhYxEBy61klM-hMBMQCIrBnIW_INCF3SiABSx4bCF9zIPDefJOLl8XeX-byMgmSiF--mE0yFPYuq0ZTbWQD0VBppLOvZpvPGWDnb17dL9G03tKb8d9ZMyyQ/w400-h309/Picture5.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Distinctive Projectile Points Define the
Piedmont, Laurentian, and Panhandle Archaic Traditions. From: Carr and Moeller
2015: (91)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Many archaeologists still
classify the Panhandle Archaic complex as a terminal Late Archaic cultural
development, influenced by the Green River Archaic complex of the Middle Ohio
Valley, west-central Kentucky. Others interpret Steubenville/Panhandle Archaic complex
sites dating between 3000-4300 years ago as a local and culturally distinct expression
of early Transitional Period riverine adaptations in the Upper Ohio Valley (Cowin
and Neusius 2020). In some ways both ideas
are true. Steubenville sites are often chronologically contemporaneous with
traditionally defined early Transitional sites found in other regions of Pennsylvania,
as well as showing some material culture similarities with the Green River complex
shell midden sites in Kentucky. Yet the Panhandle Archaic Complex remains a
distinctly local development of the southern Upper Ohio Valley.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Final analysis of the GAI Consultants data
recovery at the East Steubenville and adjacent Highland Hills site (46BR60)
contained overlapping Brewerton (5680-5210 BP) and Steubenville (4150-3725 BP)
components. Lothrop (2007) characterized East Steubenville, as a recurrent
visited habitation site where small family or extended family groups visited in
the spring and late summer through fall to fish, hunt deer, process shellfish
and forage for wild fruits, grains, and nuts as part of both the Brewerton and
Steubenville associated seasonal round. Interestingly, overrepresentation of certain
faunal remains, such as fish head and tail as well as the cranial and foot
elements of deer compared to other parts, is evidence </span><span style="text-align: justify;">of kill site processing for consumption
elsewhere. This speaks to the nature of procuring game for later use and strategic
planning for group mobility. Highland Hills, lacking evidence of shell
processing was defined as a short-term task-focused smaller group occupation.</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Lothrop (2004; 2007) contrasts the
less sedentary nature of these sites from the near-permanent shell midden occupations
in the Green River Archaic complex (Marquardt and Watson 1983). While the data is still limited and should
not be determined by the East Steubenville site alone, Panhandle Archaic regional
settlement patterns more closely resemble a smaller scale and more mobile Late
Archaic lifeway, as it is currently understood throughout much of the Upper
Ohio Valley. This is a difference from either the Green River Archaic complex to
the west or contemporaneous broadspear Transitional traditions in Pennsylvania.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">Beck’s Hilltop is a multi-component upland site surface collected by
Fred Veigh in the 1970s and ‘80s. Located a hard day or more hike southeast of
East Steubenville near Wylandville, Pennsylvania, it overlooks Little Chartiers
Creek in the Chartiers watershed between the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers. Late Archaic
and Panhandle Archaic complex diagnostic artifacts present in the donation, but
not previously described in the Pennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey (PASS)
record include: four Late Archaic Brewerton-like notched projectile point and
knife varieties, and seven lanceolate and stemmed, Steubenville projectile
points and knives (3000-4300 yrs ago).</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY2D0R_7NSNqaT73MEXc1TxXIxId6nCpQTY_3poFV3AuqCLKh0jQLvzrV59Vh-EVILREMvsJEnfArBdQrhYmmca_q5_7JRbUGeOZkyAUkcSLquLEEZmCO54MRUr3Cio2lH2YOH8N2xBN6MtJe4ScQKNuJQS0pcS1qIFmixz_-3p8VGFWsyA8bIqXzcTg/s1129/Picture6.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1129" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY2D0R_7NSNqaT73MEXc1TxXIxId6nCpQTY_3poFV3AuqCLKh0jQLvzrV59Vh-EVILREMvsJEnfArBdQrhYmmca_q5_7JRbUGeOZkyAUkcSLquLEEZmCO54MRUr3Cio2lH2YOH8N2xBN6MtJe4ScQKNuJQS0pcS1qIFmixz_-3p8VGFWsyA8bIqXzcTg/w400-h213/Picture6.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Brewerton-like notched point varieties. Onondaga,
Flint Ridge, and Gull River chert.</span></i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNE3yPtqMaWlkgxXlsvr3Ql73fBMRsYBO8XSFiIuo4hTEeXDML3bWuWIkDynsY2msALdjse6cfnLh0wDlCr8w9bL-QfuJMmiLafYfUOOk7H5Woh2wtnZ1FmsYZdlFjkv1dpOTBtB7LJclJGJtOEnHm_fBducpC8URjYpkk7AjJ2LoyCMkF8CY57EfSgQ/s1214/Picture7.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="774" data-original-width="1214" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNE3yPtqMaWlkgxXlsvr3Ql73fBMRsYBO8XSFiIuo4hTEeXDML3bWuWIkDynsY2msALdjse6cfnLh0wDlCr8w9bL-QfuJMmiLafYfUOOk7H5Woh2wtnZ1FmsYZdlFjkv1dpOTBtB7LJclJGJtOEnHm_fBducpC8URjYpkk7AjJ2LoyCMkF8CY57EfSgQ/w400-h255/Picture7.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>Steubenville projectile points and knives. Mixed
quarry and glacial cobble lithic sources.<o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">Lithic materials range from local sourced Uniontown, Ten Mile, and
Loyalhanna chert; and black and mottled gray secondary glacial cobble chert.
Dates are based on recently radio-carbon dated archaeological contexts in the
region (Carr et al. 2020; Cowin and Neusius, 2020). Additional stemmed and
partial hafted bifaces, and refined biface bases are likely associated with
Steubenville related site activities, however, specific attributes are too
ambiguous to definitively type without further site context.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLXOdfUhb9cNK7YJEimYUpgyNMDOHNZFRDR8-GSuqYcfZ5pNVJJYxgiYAcpvcYHGgOPQCGlw5fzOwxMnp3ukxYgVAvpoo7aKCtKJB7yhmKLQEi9_OJ2j0_CExtnw9GYUB7ALLgjKJd1cL7Igy8RUAZ7Fux6IPHVuS_gU1dgjWQPuzq9PEH2uEztD7jHw/s808/Picture8.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="636" data-original-width="808" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLXOdfUhb9cNK7YJEimYUpgyNMDOHNZFRDR8-GSuqYcfZ5pNVJJYxgiYAcpvcYHGgOPQCGlw5fzOwxMnp3ukxYgVAvpoo7aKCtKJB7yhmKLQEi9_OJ2j0_CExtnw9GYUB7ALLgjKJd1cL7Igy8RUAZ7Fux6IPHVuS_gU1dgjWQPuzq9PEH2uEztD7jHw/w400-h315/Picture8.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Late-stage biface fragments made from Ten Mile
chert, in various stages of patination or thermal alteration.</span></i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">There
are other artifact types that may also correlate with the Brewerton-like and/or
Steubenville components at Beck’s Hill based on analogous lithic source and
tool manufacture techniques recovered from excavations at East Steubenville
(Lothrop 2004; 2007). These include ground stone tool fragments and spalls used
for woodworking, and dedicated biface chipped stone tools used for animal hide
processing and other tasks made from secondary sourced igneous, metamorphic,
and sedimentary glacial cobbles. The definition of a dedicated biface is a tool
made for an express purpose. The examples pictured below are a drill and
scraper. More frequently, hafted bifacial tools were made by recycling or
retooling projectile points, representing a secondary, rather than a primary
use-life of a tool.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8LU8WR5VLifqfu-NTrDjDyqO8DnQi16NL2HCtx-nfqRJWiPzuOEE0FxuRJaCfgi8SMUtMm-ZIRr9E8alHJfHiliD7UdMEpi_j-k8gd37F4HKGuoUSoASUhAfjr5EslCtzxYx6aME5adaWlrz8ew9bpbgAP418ZHwM-AkxQX41bHhpRbM6Q3-62pcspA/s1111/Picture9.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="586" data-original-width="1111" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8LU8WR5VLifqfu-NTrDjDyqO8DnQi16NL2HCtx-nfqRJWiPzuOEE0FxuRJaCfgi8SMUtMm-ZIRr9E8alHJfHiliD7UdMEpi_j-k8gd37F4HKGuoUSoASUhAfjr5EslCtzxYx6aME5adaWlrz8ew9bpbgAP418ZHwM-AkxQX41bHhpRbM6Q3-62pcspA/w400-h211/Picture9.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Diorite tool bit, metabasalt spall and medial
ground stone fragment<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ0-rp_wHu873Ln9uO7hbR_SrousyYtdAQGjlIyaCZngfQzdR1IbCHeMbgk5_Dm8tzdNGtoMgx5Gj92vg0GLmwtsPd5gw6WpC_JxT2s-xVVjhgPOW-AZucuTfK9tRKXh82DFw54k2yWHsvWRCOcNvtiy3ta6AQ0HtHomFqSReJrRBEv4R1KpGigQGBqQ/s832/Picture10.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="488" data-original-width="832" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ0-rp_wHu873Ln9uO7hbR_SrousyYtdAQGjlIyaCZngfQzdR1IbCHeMbgk5_Dm8tzdNGtoMgx5Gj92vg0GLmwtsPd5gw6WpC_JxT2s-xVVjhgPOW-AZucuTfK9tRKXh82DFw54k2yWHsvWRCOcNvtiy3ta6AQ0HtHomFqSReJrRBEv4R1KpGigQGBqQ/w400-h235/Picture10.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>Onondaga chert drill fragment, Onondaga chert square-bit
bifacial scraper- possible retooled stemmed point, Gull River chert square-bit
bifacial scraper<o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">It is likely that by the end of the Late Archaic and start of the early
Transitional Period, Beck’s Hilltop served as a temporary residential site for
small family groups as part of a structured Panhandle Archaic complex seasonal cycle.
Carr et al. (2015) postulates that upland sites, like Beck’s Hilltop, with a
diverse array of artifacts, served as winter encampments, or as small base
camps for specialized resource exploitation at other times of the year. It may be suggested that these small
kin-groups also joined with others at larger base camps along the Ohio river in
the northern panhandle of West Virginia, Beaver and Allegheny County in
Pennsylvania in the spring, late summer and fall to exploit different subsistence
resources at peak availability.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Examining these archaeological resources contributes to our
understanding of the daily activities and settlement patterns of the Indigenous
peoples who lived here prior to the arrival of Europeans. Colonists adopted many of these procurement
strategies from the Tribes who had refined these seasonal sustainability processes
over time. Many of these hunting, gathering and fishing processes continue to
be employed today. We hope you enjoyed
this summary of the Panhandle Archaic complex and recent documented artifacts
from the Fred Veigh Collection. We invite you back to explore more topics in
Pennsylvania archaeology and invite you to view the <a href="https://www.phmc.pa.gov/Museums/Online-Collection/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">on-line collections</a> of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>References and Further Reading</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Carr, Kurt W.,
et al. (Editors)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">2020 Introduction and The Late Archaic Period.
In: <i>The Archaeology of Native Americans in Pennsylvania, Vol 1: Introduction
and Part 2 Introduction. </i>Eds. Christopher Berman, Christina B. Rieth,
Bernard K. Means, and Roger W. Moeller. Assoc. Ed. Elizabeth Wagner. University
of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Carr, Kurt W.
and Roger W. Moeller<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">2015 The Archaic Period and The Transitional
Period. In: <i>First Pennsylvanians: The Archaeology of Native Americans in Pennsylvania,
Chapter 4-5</i>. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.<i> </i> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Cowin, Verna L.
and Sarah W. Neusius<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">2020 The Late Archaic Period in the Upper Ohio
Drainage Basin. In: <i>The Archaeology of Native Americans in Pennsylvania, Vol
1: Ch 4. </i>Eds. Carr et al. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Lothrop,
Jonathan C.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">2007 <i>Panhandle Archaic Americans in the
Upper Ohio Valley: Archaeological Data Recovery at the East Steubenville (46BR31)
and Highland Hills (46BR60) Sites WV Route 2 Follansbee-Werton Road Upgrade
Project Brooke County, West Virginia. </i>State Project No. U250-2-13, Federal
Project NH-002 (300). Submitted to West Virginia Department of Transportation,
division of Highways by GAI Consultants, Inc.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">2004 Panhandle Archaic Americans at East
Steubenville: Chronology, Settlement, and Regional Comparisons. Poster
presentation in the symposium “New Light on Panhandle Archaic Americans in the
Upper Ohio Valley: A View from the East Steubenville Site, Northern West
Virginia,” presented at the Society for American Archaeology Meetings, April 2,
2004, Montréal, Canada.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""ArialMT",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">Marquardt,
William H. and Patty Jo Watson<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""ArialMT",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">1983 The Shell Mound Archaic
of Western Kentucky. In </span><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;">Archaic Hunters and Gatherers in<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;">the American Midwest, </span></i><span face=""ArialMT",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">edited by J.L. Phillips and J.A. Brown, pp. 323-337. Academic<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""ArialMT",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT;">Press, New York.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Mayer-Oakes,
William J.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">1955 Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley: An
Introductory Archaeological Study. Anthropological Series No. 2, Vol. 34.
Annals of Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, PA. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Tippins, William H.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-indent: -0.5in;">2020 Ohio’s
Lanceolate Maker’s – Part I: Debunking the Late Paleo Lanceolate Myth and
Awakening the Late Archaic Reality. <i>Archaeology of Eastern North America.
Vol. 48:157-191.<o:p></o:p></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p></div><div><br /></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-14805373535574100772023-01-20T17:32:00.000-05:002023-01-20T17:32:19.939-05:00Lorillard’s Pipe as Advertising<div><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Since resuming activities in the lab, we have received new
collections to process from private collectors and artifact transfers from our Pennsylvania
Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC) sites. Among the artifacts that we
received, from Cornwall Iron Furnace, is a nearly complete white ball clay pipe
bowl with a portion of the stem intact. Though a small artifact with limited </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">provenience information, this pipe bowl gives us a glimpse at history
of an early tobacco company.</span></div><div>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> <span class="normaltextrun"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cornwall Iron Furnace is a historic site managed by the PHMC.
Located in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania the Cornwall Iron Furnace was a mid-18</span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">th</span></sup></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">-19</span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">th</span></sup></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
century iron furnace. In 1742, Peter Grubb established the furnace to process
ore from the mine he had opened a few years earlier. Named for the place
Peter’s father emigrated from, Cornwall, England, the furnace developed into a
plantation with industrial, agricultural, and residential activities. Small
communities with homes, shops and schools began to grow around the furnace for the
mine and furnace workers. The furnace remained open until 1883. Today Cornwall
Iron Furnace visitors can view several furnace and village related buildings available
for visitation and tours (Cornwall Iron Furnace 2023). <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjERDaZdenEtkOv3_IfkTczIwg1TBw-yi-1D3ImvqMpP3pL_5I1o_IWeU6GxuU7NwSsngQ6BG24oypf2KNmUXxQOhBU_jDhQGH_oAJn7b9E64Nkbl3-jfY8DMOYzMtUWNr69UKZy49lUfuRL8lWPzANEJFWWkgZuRvnzcnzBSXE0tNe5laNTbFGlt4VYw/s372/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="372" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjERDaZdenEtkOv3_IfkTczIwg1TBw-yi-1D3ImvqMpP3pL_5I1o_IWeU6GxuU7NwSsngQ6BG24oypf2KNmUXxQOhBU_jDhQGH_oAJn7b9E64Nkbl3-jfY8DMOYzMtUWNr69UKZy49lUfuRL8lWPzANEJFWWkgZuRvnzcnzBSXE0tNe5laNTbFGlt4VYw/w400-h285/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="normaltextrun"><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Photo of part of the Cornwall Iron Furnace.
Image from </span></i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cornwall Iron Furnace 2023</span></i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Artifacts recovered from PHMC historic sites are transferred to
the State Museum of Pennsylvania, Section of Archaeology, for cataloging and curation.
As mentioned above one such object that was found on the Cornwall Iron Furnace
property is a ball clay pipe bowl with a section of the stem still intact. The
stem section that is present is stamped with TRY LORILL… TOBACC... CHAMBER ST
...W YORK, which if all present, would read TRY LORILLARD'S TOBACCO 16.18.20
CHAMBER STREET NEW YORK. This stamping indicates that the pipe was manufactured
by or for the Lorillard Tobacco Company (Omwake 1967). </span></p><p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMleS6eTJLtsI_sziO50KkJRX9xpERdVsn0u8gJlDEbec7krx094YIxoB_fmqoHeNNVO9JOJUCvv56VxLwbMsf1Lf85m2p37FhTtF6sgE5fBRNcIlNyAVPEyl16igmhU0w431PVxiCR_OiIBPbUPfEgKRvTKsnsOSeD1TbDT8Joj70ptZON4UZFzvFVQ/s1367/Pipe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="1367" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMleS6eTJLtsI_sziO50KkJRX9xpERdVsn0u8gJlDEbec7krx094YIxoB_fmqoHeNNVO9JOJUCvv56VxLwbMsf1Lf85m2p37FhTtF6sgE5fBRNcIlNyAVPEyl16igmhU0w431PVxiCR_OiIBPbUPfEgKRvTKsnsOSeD1TbDT8Joj70ptZON4UZFzvFVQ/w400-h141/Pipe.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p align="center" class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Photos of both sides of the Lorillard Tobacco Company Pipe
found at Cornwall Iron Furnace, 36Le375. Image from the collection of The State
Museum of Pennsylvania.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><br /><p align="center" class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="normaltextrun">The Lorillard Tobacco Company was
founded in 1760 by 18-year-old Pierre Abraham Lorillard in New York City. The
snuff-grinding and packing process was first operated out of a rented house on
Chatham Street, New York City. Later a snuff mill was opened in what is now the
Bronx Botanical Gardens, while the company’s retail locations were out of
stores 16, 18, and 20 on Chambers Street (Fox 1947). Incidentally, this is what
the stamped mark “16.18.20 Chambers Street New York” on the pipe stem references.
<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="normaltextrun">Pierre’s sons, Peter and George, took
over the company in 1776 after Pierre’s death (</span>D’Elia,
Erica 2016; Fox, Maxwell 1947; Kelley and Anne 2009)<span class="normaltextrun">.
Originally the company made snuff, plug chewing tobacco, pipe tobacco and
cigars, but Lorillard moved into producing cigarettes in the 1880’s and have
sold brand names such as Newport, Old Gold, Maverick, Kent and more (The
Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica 2019). The company remained in the family
for many decades and in the early 1870’s the Lorillard company moved to 111
First Street <a>New</a></span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><!--[if !supportAnnotations]--><a class="msocomanchor" href="file:///C:/Users/sadkins/Downloads/Blog_LorillardPipe_Final%20-%20fox.docx#_msocom_1" id="_anchor_1" language="JavaScript" name="_msoanchor_1">[FC1]</a><!--[endif]--> </span></span><span class="normaltextrun"> Jersey. In 1891 the company was incorporated (</span>New Jersey
City University 2021)<span class="normaltextrun">. The Lorillard Tobacco Company continues to
operate today as the longest running tobacco company in the United States and
is currently under the parent organization of Reynolds American (Kelley and
Anne 2009, The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, </span><span class="normaltextrun">2019).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="normaltextrun"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqOxNrfgQ7eJIxGxVWt6MwIg0J41cPJq04v8GJ4MaEYO4LQly7DrMtbzPzUtYMVhlfDZ-n0JcfUxF2RHaeYm8siNt0txNZ9OLskMP-t6EO4XUHUWuqgS4QxAZVkks5L7lN6h5zCElB3UF9-jy4MvtTGrK466eBTnWjHQiyjKiKFRIbZ2R8r9znQ3wFrw/s1011/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="679" data-original-width="1011" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqOxNrfgQ7eJIxGxVWt6MwIg0J41cPJq04v8GJ4MaEYO4LQly7DrMtbzPzUtYMVhlfDZ-n0JcfUxF2RHaeYm8siNt0txNZ9OLskMP-t6EO4XUHUWuqgS4QxAZVkks5L7lN6h5zCElB3UF9-jy4MvtTGrK466eBTnWjHQiyjKiKFRIbZ2R8r9znQ3wFrw/w400-h269/Picture3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="normaltextrun"><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lorillard Snuff
Mill, Bronx New York. Image from Historic American Buildings Survey, Library of
Congress.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Lorillard Tobacco Company has been a master of advertising from the beginning. The pipe found at Cornwall Iron Furnace was an advertisement in itself, that suggested the user try Lorillard’s Tobacco and where this tobacco could be purchased. In 1789, Peter and George Lorillard expanded their advertising beyond window displays and word of mouth by taking out ads in newspapers and magazines. By 1830, the Lorillard Company began to use direct mail advertising and in 1855 they were adding trading cards with their products (Fox 1947). Eventually the company’s ads moved to radio and then television. One recognizable television ad that was produced by the Lorillard Company includes the dancing “Old Gold” cigarette package (The University of Alabama 2018). </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjva0ZpTKxIYHuLsrgNwU8LTB_nHMqPHMoozxstevEra4eO21f8kc_DkeNYMNf2lrkUOJiTfA8mfhJAVIXglRZlP9VsUrEvfszVtLRnlVwcAqXeGEUern3YcqbvjbusHhJaPMiUDXoBzxylQo7QJA0djDygWRaNIuZ3mCsHB75ePiUyxfWkIS1HyMT02g/s857/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="857" data-original-width="694" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjva0ZpTKxIYHuLsrgNwU8LTB_nHMqPHMoozxstevEra4eO21f8kc_DkeNYMNf2lrkUOJiTfA8mfhJAVIXglRZlP9VsUrEvfszVtLRnlVwcAqXeGEUern3YcqbvjbusHhJaPMiUDXoBzxylQo7QJA0djDygWRaNIuZ3mCsHB75ePiUyxfWkIS1HyMT02g/w324-h400/Picture4.png" width="324" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="normaltextrun"><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">P. Lorillard advertisement. Image from The New
York Public Library, Digital Collections.</span></i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Lorillard Tobacco Company has a long history and made waves in
advertising and nationwide distribution for the tobacco industry (Kelley and
Anne 2009). With this long history it can be difficult to determine the age of
the pipe found at the Cornwall Iron Furnace, but archaeologists often use what
is called a typology to </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">determine the production date of
an artifact. This is true of pipe stems. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Based on historic documentation the length of pipe stems increased as time went on. Pipes from this time were made in two-piece molds, after the clay was pressed in the mold a wire was pushed through the stem to form the bore. To bore a hole through such long stems with no damage to the wall of the stem the size of the wire used to bore the hole had to decrease (Hume 1969).</span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirjJQCiiQS5ilH5zqK3BS1MpkcTyf3m748ulsOgGG8WL8nd93UZFmHoicqQZ_PimUTb960DfNyyUOCOJrEpcD9Xc4439_RJCwgxnRJe2QKJf950JBBsnlM1twOSbSVpbxl1sMlxQQLC_N_HYTKovJtKZGk6ggYYN6SHI6GtSLWxL0Tr0TWQ6P6K1QCgg/s624/Picture5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="187" data-original-width="624" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirjJQCiiQS5ilH5zqK3BS1MpkcTyf3m748ulsOgGG8WL8nd93UZFmHoicqQZ_PimUTb960DfNyyUOCOJrEpcD9Xc4439_RJCwgxnRJe2QKJf950JBBsnlM1twOSbSVpbxl1sMlxQQLC_N_HYTKovJtKZGk6ggYYN6SHI6GtSLWxL0Tr0TWQ6P6K1QCgg/w400-h120/Picture5.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Smoking pipe terminology (Bradley 2000).</span></i><i><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">With
this in mind, and a study of thousands of pipes, J.C. Harrington created a
system that correlated bore hole diameter to production date (Hume 1969). Today
this system is often used, though there is debate about its accuracy. </span><span class="normaltextrun" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">New research indicates that Harrington’s bore hole size
typology is not nearly as accurate as once thought. As more information is
collected on pipe stems and the study base size increases (more pipe stems) it
seems that many pipe stems of the different bore hole sizes were in production
beyond the Harrington date typology (McMillan 2016).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiejxymclN7ZPz3HcQcoVweE0UyiB0WGeDhjZGrO64OpuoEj_R3Qd858PF0bvzx4dXEl6hjwAHeEiiqRzursDRd0nd4NyM3kyDO1fAhK6eGsSaRfHiycADcSDHxIj8o5ChW5IgW0EpUqOs15aq4OCcLbOwCzEs2YxYaP_n2NGX1NmazUXJaNXs5mJ8fCA/s255/pic%206.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="241" data-original-width="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiejxymclN7ZPz3HcQcoVweE0UyiB0WGeDhjZGrO64OpuoEj_R3Qd858PF0bvzx4dXEl6hjwAHeEiiqRzursDRd0nd4NyM3kyDO1fAhK6eGsSaRfHiycADcSDHxIj8o5ChW5IgW0EpUqOs15aq4OCcLbOwCzEs2YxYaP_n2NGX1NmazUXJaNXs5mJ8fCA/s16000/pic%206.PNG" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p align="center" class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">J.C. Harrington pipe stem bore hole typology
table.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The
Lorillard pipe recovered at Cornwall Iron Furnace has a bore hole size of 5/64”,
which would date it to between 1720-1750 using the Harrington typology; however,
this date is prior to the start of the Lorillard’s company. The new research,
however, indicates that pipes with a 5/64” bore hole size were in fact in
production into the 1750-1800 period as well (McMillan 2016, D’Elia 2016). This
new date falls within the production time of the Try Lorillard company. If
newer research is accurate, we can date this pipe bowl and stem to between 1760-1800.
So, between 1760 and 1800 there was someone, likely a furnace worker, smoking this
pipe advertising the Lorillard Tobacco Company.</span></p><p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></span></p><p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt;">Though
there is more to be said about the history of the Lorillard Tobacco Company and
their influence on advertising and tobacco use in the United States, we are examining
this pipe found at Cornwall Iron Furnace for its origin and use at the site. As
archaeologists we use research methodologies to date and learn about artifacts while
often learning new bits of history along the way. It is this research that
allows us to connect the tangible evidence of the past with the peoples who
made and used these artifacts. We hope
you have enjoyed diving into the history of this artifact, and we invite you
back to learn more about Pennsylvania’s archaeological heritage. View other
<a href="https://www.phmc.pa.gov/Museums/Online-Collection/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">artifacts in the PHMC collections</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>References<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal">Bradley, Charles S.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;">2000 Smoking Pipes for the Archaeologist. <i>Studies
in Material Culture Research, 2000:104-133. </i>The Society for Historical
Archaeology, California, Pennsylvania. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Cornwall Iron Furnace<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;">2023 History. Electronic document,<i> <a href="https://www.cornwallironfurnace.org/history.htm" target="_blank">https://www.cornwallironfurnace.org/history.htm</a></i>,
accessed January 11, 2023.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">D’Elia, Erica<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;">2016 Try Lorillard’s Tobacco. Electronic
Document, <i><a href="https://cartarchaeology.wordpress.com/2016/04/02/lorillards/" target="_blank">https://cartarchaeology.wordpress.com/2016/04/02/lorillards/</a></i>,
Accessed January 13, 2023.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Fox, Maxwell<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> 1947 <i>The Lorillard Story</i>. P. Lorillard
Company, New York.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Hume, Ivor Noel,<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">1969 <i>A
Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America.</i> University of Pennsylvania Press,
Philadelphia.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Kelley and Anne<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;">2009 Try Lorillard’s Tobacco. Electronic
document, <i><a href="http://porttobacco.blogspot.com/2009/09/try-lorillards-tobacco.html" target="_blank">http://porttobacco.blogspot.com/2009/09/try-lorillards-tobacco.html</a>,</i>
Accessed January 13, 2023.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">McMillan, Lauren K,<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;">2016 An Evaluation if Tobacco Pipe Stem Dating
Formulas. <i>Northeast Historical Archaeology </i>45:67-91. <i><a href="https://orb.binghamton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1473&context=neha" target="_blank"> https://orb.binghamton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1473&context=neha</a><o:p></o:p></i></p><p class="MsoNormal">New Jersey City University<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;">2021 P. Lorillard Tobacco Company, 111 First
Street, Between Warren Street and Washington Boulevard, Jersey City Historic
Warehouse District. Electronic Document, <i><a href="https://njcu.libguides.com/lorillard" target="_blank">https://njcu.libguides.com/lorillard</a>,
</i> Accessed January 13, 2023.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Omwake, H. Geiger<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">1967 Supplemental Report on Additional White Clay Pipe Evidence Recovered
from the Buck Site Near Chestertown, Maryland. <i>Bulletin of the
Archaeological Society of Delaware.</i> 5(Fall):21-30.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2019 Lorillard. <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Electronic
Document,</span></em><a href=" https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lorillard" target="_blank"> <i>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lorillard</i></a>,
Accessed January 17, 2023.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The University of Alabama<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2018 Big Tobacco
in the Big Apple. </span>The Center for the Study of Tobacco and Society. Electronic<span style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Document, </span><a href="https://csts.ua.edu/btba/history/lorillard/#top" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">https://csts.ua.edu/btba/history/lorillard/#top</span></a><i><span style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, Accessed </span></i><span style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">January 17,
2023</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-88034136675151028832023-01-10T14:18:00.002-05:002023-01-10T14:18:17.860-05:00Cobbles, Cobbles and More Cobbles: Archaeological Collections at the State Museum of Pennsylvania<div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Recording
archaeological sites can often lead to important discoveries that change what archaeologists
know of the ancient activities of Indigenous people of long ago. For example, consider
William Turnbaugh’s detailed survey of the Susquehanna’s West Branch valley as
part of his doctoral dissertation, later released as Man, Land and Time: The
Cultural Prehistory and Demographic Patterns of North-Central Pennsylvania
(Turnbaugh 1977).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: 0.5in;">The </span><a href="http://twipa.blogspot.com/search?q=turnbaugh" style="text-indent: 0.5in;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Agnes Flood of 1972</span></a><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> devastated much of Pennsylvania causing billions of dollars
in property damage and lost revenue. Serendipitously, perhaps, perhaps not, it
was the intensity of the flood of 1972 that opened the </span><a href="http://twipa.blogspot.com/2022/07/agnes-impact-on-middle-susquehanna.html" style="text-indent: 0.5in;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">West Branch valley</span></a><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> to Turnbaugh’s research as the impacted
river bottoms exposed the buried remains of long-lost archaeological resources
(Turnbaugh 1978).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix9KqIH4rJMFlXeuv2QlQyVIoG6zYs-U-yhSnZ2hzfCZtOqAQFxHFkGozQIoU948iGIpd14XMEvLtHTQFZepEZ7-IMQ3ki1erOABZBSMDC9gN-OOKBrlvJ_ZvdAvCIdSmwZgxicc5FtdvaVaSIZuywJG7cYb6pb1V9kSvEHICbyI7_xvktZao4F_w09w/s1100/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="662" data-original-width="1100" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix9KqIH4rJMFlXeuv2QlQyVIoG6zYs-U-yhSnZ2hzfCZtOqAQFxHFkGozQIoU948iGIpd14XMEvLtHTQFZepEZ7-IMQ3ki1erOABZBSMDC9gN-OOKBrlvJ_ZvdAvCIdSmwZgxicc5FtdvaVaSIZuywJG7cYb6pb1V9kSvEHICbyI7_xvktZao4F_w09w/w400-h241/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Map of Pennsylvania showing general
area of site in yellow. (photo: Google Earth)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Among the reported archaeological resources were the
locations of Late Woodland period camp and village occupations of three major
cultural phases identified for the West Branch Valley. One of these, a village
occupation of considerable size, was 36CN0023, near the confluence of Pine
Creek and the Susquehanna River. There, shell tempered pottery sherds, then identified
as Susquehannock, were reported. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Between 1995 and 1999 excavations undertaken at 36CN0023
revealed a Quiggle phase (formerly a.k.a. Susquehannock) occupation,
radiocarbon dated at AD 1450-1550. Based on diagnostic ceramic and lithic
objects, the occupation likely represented two sequential settlement
occupations and a midden stratum, resulting from the introduction of and/or accumulation
of organic material to sediments and soils (Stein 1992). At 36CN0023 the midden
stratum contained well preserved botanical items such as carbonized seeds, plant
parts and a plethora of faunal remains of mammals, birds, and aquatic related
creatures. These things were directly associated with the cultural objects and
represent the residues of lost or discarded materials (Herbstritt 2020;
Herbstritt 2021). Along with these objects was an inordinate number of river
cobbles fashioned into tools and used in various processing activities at 36CN0023.
This week’s featured TWIPA blog describes some of the cobble tool forms from 36CN0023.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0zfraGhEwJ-Wr6qjCkG46xYfYteLmqBMhCvASyd98hY4iyAdxIH-qI9HDTqC4FMlKAhgUBKn8SUGQLp_fTPcWhDAShayts4kym84BDcWV5eBh41l_bAajym0qVtp7UopTe4YirTIMlORHjNIo-Vz0hENv-8npHUTfYZLb_9rfo-CEJLVnax-Pcwxtng/s1429/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="954" data-original-width="1429" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0zfraGhEwJ-Wr6qjCkG46xYfYteLmqBMhCvASyd98hY4iyAdxIH-qI9HDTqC4FMlKAhgUBKn8SUGQLp_fTPcWhDAShayts4kym84BDcWV5eBh41l_bAajym0qVtp7UopTe4YirTIMlORHjNIo-Vz0hENv-8npHUTfYZLb_9rfo-CEJLVnax-Pcwxtng/w400-h268/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Sorting cobble tools at The State
Museum of Pennsylvania archaeology lab. (photo: The State Museum of
Pennsylvania)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><u style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ANVILS:</span></u><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Most of the artificially modified cobbles are anvils. Used in
combination with a cobble hammer, these were sufficiently stationary heavy objects
on which organic and inorganic materials were processed, such as nuts for human
consumption and reducing blocks of chert/quartz rock to grit size for pottery
temper. The degree of modification these tools exhibit ranges from slight
battering to extensive modification through heavy use on one or more of the cobble’s
surfaces although one or two locations on the two opposing sides of the cobble
is most common. Anvils were typically made from siltstone and sandstone.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5QQ0OI_tF6GOWiRtJH9TvMikvS7k0MXbEsynlD9ZZ3fHfxd99csP1-TFpQpimYPgQzKfcrZFDN59Pf0ISC6lE1GtYLocVHanSDEzswkoaIwhZrUpxIw3L15B43hPFZGBnpf3nDyedNI_Fq5a7E3nBIHxZJnYjTSRvWoVfoMa8lFOdS1Ko28TO7ymOSA/s1429/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="797" data-original-width="1429" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5QQ0OI_tF6GOWiRtJH9TvMikvS7k0MXbEsynlD9ZZ3fHfxd99csP1-TFpQpimYPgQzKfcrZFDN59Pf0ISC6lE1GtYLocVHanSDEzswkoaIwhZrUpxIw3L15B43hPFZGBnpf3nDyedNI_Fq5a7E3nBIHxZJnYjTSRvWoVfoMa8lFOdS1Ko28TO7ymOSA/w400-h223/Picture3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Examples of anvils recovered from the
site. (photo: The State Museum of Pennsylvania)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><u style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">MULLERS:</span></u><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Generally mulling stones have flattened smooth and/or polished surfaces.
Usually, this type of tool has two opposing flat surfaces where such
modification exists. Mullers were handheld and used in conjunction with milling
stones to render certain foodstuffs into finer textures. Some mullers retain calcified
traces of plant/animal residues and orangish/red pigmentation from refining hematite
rock into powdered ochre. Mullers were made from siltstone, sandstone and less
frequently from granite.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzn_nprAjMTbNcgwiXzaCUZfHQtGY6sWhGemzZ4cz_o2av_MvlX_c1wwn7IW8xn8QwmkZZkXVCvdpSj_nYE269I3ix731oZs8YwV6KpVG5NvOD4DkTCsj42EwNFKwvucm3Bzx2-TzTeuRCPseImlrZMIL8_0jFHeEwEJUOJp_2JqT_JnmbHjrM7A2nTA/s1429/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1429" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzn_nprAjMTbNcgwiXzaCUZfHQtGY6sWhGemzZ4cz_o2av_MvlX_c1wwn7IW8xn8QwmkZZkXVCvdpSj_nYE269I3ix731oZs8YwV6KpVG5NvOD4DkTCsj42EwNFKwvucm3Bzx2-TzTeuRCPseImlrZMIL8_0jFHeEwEJUOJp_2JqT_JnmbHjrM7A2nTA/w400-h303/Picture4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Composite image of an abrader (left)
and a muller/milling stone (right) (photo: The State Museum of Pennsylvania)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">MILLS</span></u><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: 0.5in;">: Large cobbles up to thirty pounds (66 kilograms) in weight were used as
milling tools and, like anvils, were stationary in use. They were used in conjunction
with mullers. These large cobble tools have flat to concave surfaces from
muller abrasion. Midden deposits located around mills show evidence of heavy
organic concentrations. Mills were made from siltstone and sandstone.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU5SVoLUkNsAnKc0pn6mu4YeBpwW5aGENHYXdfzoizuNBMr8yFuL8B2tS46EOPS0KHz0psIe0O96pZKcBy-sBfEpBx5PL9EPGy0NxQb7L6s3hxhqO8Qi0J9CQ2SpqsObtE3dksMcpP70HynGv_bBuQGnrlFSqVRcol1LQdykPIlpMn-nNKUAnmMfJTQg/s1720/Picture5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1720" data-original-width="1429" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU5SVoLUkNsAnKc0pn6mu4YeBpwW5aGENHYXdfzoizuNBMr8yFuL8B2tS46EOPS0KHz0psIe0O96pZKcBy-sBfEpBx5PL9EPGy0NxQb7L6s3hxhqO8Qi0J9CQ2SpqsObtE3dksMcpP70HynGv_bBuQGnrlFSqVRcol1LQdykPIlpMn-nNKUAnmMfJTQg/w333-h400/Picture5.png" width="333" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Examples of milling stones recovered
from the site. (photo: The State Museum of Pennsylvania)</span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">HAMMERS</span></u><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: 0.5in;">: hand size cobbles exhibiting multidirectional battering were hammers employed
in many ways from smashing animal bones for the purpose of extracting marrow to
rough shaping other stone into celts, pestles, projectile points, etc. Hammers are
made from harder material such as silicified fine-grained siltstone, quartzite,
and granite. Sizes range from 2 – 6 in (5 – 15 cm), shapes are subspherical to
elongated and most display areas of localized faceting from repeated use from
one direction of impact. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5l0eNcLS8Httn0mrCpf09B_mCbG3dR0yakBrHCDIB0wvBO4yABhRW0JOoySjwhP3qaQiUp6bXrXMAnGrUMi7r3qkcSuOEVuCStPnDaib4Mgo9_Mjg8gomDchFLMq7IM5XJ6bJ8GrfY0BqGmEI-nM7L8U9Koxuv_9EKDLS_fQGCT8n1O5B16212IRhBA/s1429/Picture6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="963" data-original-width="1429" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5l0eNcLS8Httn0mrCpf09B_mCbG3dR0yakBrHCDIB0wvBO4yABhRW0JOoySjwhP3qaQiUp6bXrXMAnGrUMi7r3qkcSuOEVuCStPnDaib4Mgo9_Mjg8gomDchFLMq7IM5XJ6bJ8GrfY0BqGmEI-nM7L8U9Koxuv_9EKDLS_fQGCT8n1O5B16212IRhBA/w400-h270/Picture6.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Examples of hammerstones recovered
from the site. (photo: The State Museum of Pennsylvania)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ABRADERS</span></u><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: 0.5in;">: As with hammers, cobble abraders of different shapes and weights were
hand size. Wear patterns suggest that these objects were used to reduce a rough
or coarse surface object to a smoother one by employing the tool in a back-and-forth
motion as in the way one would operate a hand saw. Any surface of the cobble
was sufficient for abrading purposes as is indicated by the different use/wear
patterns present on archaeological specimens. Abraders were commonly made from coarse
grained siltstone and sandstone, ideal materials for their abilities to remove
excess material in modifying bone, wood, and softer stone.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: 0.5in;">To be sure, the foregoing is but a glimpse into the clouded history
of cobble tools and how they were used centuries ago in the Susquehanna’s West
Branch valley. </span><a href="http://twipa.blogspot.com/search?q=experimental+archaeology" style="text-indent: 0.5in;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Modern day experimental studies</span></a><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> into the replication of stone tools are
another aspect of understanding how humans of long ago made and used stone tools
– cobble tools were no exception. Please visit with us next time when we will
present another interesting topic in This Week in Pennsylvania Archaeology. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>References</b><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Herbstritt,
James T. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2019 Becoming
Susquehannock: The West Branch and North Branch Traditions. In: <i>The
Susquehannocks: New Perspectives on Settlement and Cultural Identity.</i>
Edited by Paul A. Raber.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Herbstritt,
James T.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 65.25pt; text-indent: -65.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2020 The
Late Woodland Period in the Susquehanna and Northern Potomac Drainage Basins, Circa AD 1100-1575.
In: The Archaeology of Native Americans in Pennsylvania. Volume 2, edited by K.
Carr, Christopher A. Bergman, Christina B. Reith, Bernard K. Means, and Roger
Moeller; Elizabeth Wagner, Associate Editor <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Stein, Julie
K.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">1992 Organic
Matter in Archaeological Contexts. In: <i>Soils
in<o:p></o:p></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
Archaeology: Landscape Evolution and Human Occupation, <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
edited by Vance T. Holliday</span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">.
Smithsonian Institution Press,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
</span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Washington. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Turnbaugh, William A. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1977 <i>Man,
Land and Time: The Cultural Prehistory and Demographic Patterns of
North-Central Pennsylvania</i>. Unigraphic, Inc. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Turnbaugh,
William A.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.0in;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">1978 Floods
and Archaeology. <i>American Antiquity</i>, 43(4):593-607. Washington. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><br /></div><div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-28535568404082990122022-12-23T13:07:00.007-05:002022-12-23T13:07:41.104-05:00Across the Commonwealth with Cultural Resource Management Curation<div>Since resuming acceptance of <a href="http://twipa.blogspot.com/2010/11/compliance-archaeology.html" target="_blank">cultural resourcemanagement</a> (or CRM) projects this spring, we continue to receive
collections submitted for curation to the State Museum of Pennsylvania’s
Section of Archaeology at a steady pace, and notable collections have arrived from
nearly every corner of the Commonwealth. </div><div><br /></div><div><p class="MsoNormal">Beginning in Beaver County, northwest of Pittsburgh along
the Ohio River, 11 sites, a variety of both historic and precontact, were
investigated ahead of the massive construction project for oil giant Shell’s <a href="https://www.shell.us/about-us/projects-and-locations/shell-polymers.html" target="_blank">petrochemicalcomplex</a>. Once operational, the
ethane cracker plant will supply other industries with plastic pellets called <a href="https://carnegiemnh.org/whats-a-nurdle/" target="_blank">nurdles</a> (a new artifact type
to be added to the lexicon for future archaeologists).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Jack’s Reef Corner-notched projectile point seen here
dates to the Middle Woodland period (1850 – 950 B.P.) and was recovered during
phase II excavations at the Farmstead/<a href="https://www.shell.us/about-us/projects-and-locations/shell-polymers/excavations-on-the-ohio-river-floodplain.html" target="_blank">Hamletsite</a> (36BV0051), a multi-component stratified site situated on the
floodplain of the Ohio River. Produced from Flint Ridge chert, the asymmetrical
shape of the point is the result of reworking or resharpening its cutting edge.
The artifacts and excavation records from these excavations contribute to our
understanding of the past and movement across the landscape during the
precontact period.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgohFGxPqMXw8GLrulUgyF2taC-ppCE7ViP3YMdnXoN5bOj9fcFFy5KxZ_UsXoRHugaSoJLPu0gII_EhInuAPfNZKNTg2jpwbmcCE_-SAqvjV2z19Y0pxrJELwG6hNO4DGJYsigOLqHBEGnYdniF17_-zkVppy036pAZDItAyxl_iY3aR1Wer-eBgc9ng/s921/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="898" data-original-width="921" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgohFGxPqMXw8GLrulUgyF2taC-ppCE7ViP3YMdnXoN5bOj9fcFFy5KxZ_UsXoRHugaSoJLPu0gII_EhInuAPfNZKNTg2jpwbmcCE_-SAqvjV2z19Y0pxrJELwG6hNO4DGJYsigOLqHBEGnYdniF17_-zkVppy036pAZDItAyxl_iY3aR1Wer-eBgc9ng/w400-h390/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Figure 1 Middle Woodland (1850-950 BP) Jack's Reef Corner-notched projectile point from the Farmstead/Hamlet site(36BV0051). From the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">Traveling from the western edge of the state all the way across
to the southeast corner in Delaware County, the Mid-County Expressway I-476, or
Blue Route project is the next submission. A long dormant legacy project that unearthed
a dozen mid-19th to early 20<sup>th</sup> century sites has received its proper
processing and has now been curated. Open to traffic in 1992, the survey work conducted
in the mid-1980s for this highway project identified a wide range of site functions
such as farmhouses and tenant dwellings, a whetstone factory and a bottle dump
associated with a prohibition-era speakeasy. This project also identified the
location and boundaries of the <a href="https://marplehistory.com/hayti-cemetery/" target="_blank">Trinity UAME</a> (Union American
Methodist Episcopal) Church property.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">Nearly all of the 137 artifacts recovered from the Trinity
UAME Church (36DE0021) were either architectural in nature such as fragments of
window glass and brick and nails, or tableware, including whiteware ceramics
and glass drinking vessels or containers. One small find/personal church
artifact that stands out is the metal watchcase opener/ key ring fob seen here,
advertising Boss watchcases from a watchmaker and jeweler from nearby Malvern,
Pa. A brief internet search yielded similar, although not exact examples of
this fob. Additional research may be able to narrow its date of manufacture and
use beyond roughly the turn of the 20th century.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwPSC0JhqsknwMzp7CvT2x0Jxj2fzozKrpAyEF_eKCNYr9JL3k_dH5ctpFA39UXlloZswlxko6HSvr86FjY3ESXJbceZGGBtD_ydivBwXw0VwUYcfJ4zXynKEEMbXWPzR3MEpDlnSOt9_v-7ZALUfY4iQ_82wjY95UeAd2jnrGHJwwqdp0_D-JiNlq8w/s1428/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1166" data-original-width="1428" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwPSC0JhqsknwMzp7CvT2x0Jxj2fzozKrpAyEF_eKCNYr9JL3k_dH5ctpFA39UXlloZswlxko6HSvr86FjY3ESXJbceZGGBtD_ydivBwXw0VwUYcfJ4zXynKEEMbXWPzR3MEpDlnSOt9_v-7ZALUfY4iQ_82wjY95UeAd2jnrGHJwwqdp0_D-JiNlq8w/w400-h326/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoCaption"><i>Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->2<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-no-proof:
yes'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--> Key ring
fob/watch case opener with advertisement from 36DE0021. Collection at The State
Museum of Pennsylvania</i><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Sporting the shape of a keyhole, the fob reads “BUY BOSS WATCH
CASES” and “TRADEMARK IN EVERY CASE” encircling the letters “Co” inside of a
keystone on the obverse. On the reverse: “COMPLIMENTS OF JOHN KIRSCHNEK
WATCHMAKER AND JEWELER MALVERN, PA”. This small find is the tangible evidence
of a watchmaker and a reflection of consumerism and social behavior.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Working our way to the north, in the coal regions of Luzerne
County, additional material from the University of Maryland’s Anthracite
Heritage Program excavations have been submitted for curation. A residential building
on Canal Street in the patch town of Lattimer was excavated, continuing their academic
research on socio-economic issues and troubled labor conditions surrounding the
late 19<sup>th</sup> and early 20<sup>th</sup> century coal mining industry. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">A large percentage of the overall collection is comprised of
architectural material like brick, nails, and window glass, as well as an
assortment of turn of the last century glass beverage bottles. One small find that
stands out from the Canal Street Lattimer site (36LU0312) collection is the 1887
Italian 10 <i>centesimi</i> coin seen here. While in relatively poor condition, this coin wonderfully
represents one of the many ethnic immigrant groups that came seeking employment
in the anthracite fields during coal’s heyday and ultimately settled in the
region..<o:p></o:p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDnlgcKpwbjIz2CUqCMZjZ9g4BA1_6Jdb5xiDropvInomljVX5_BNWmIMg2IcaGDikYRp4p0_BescEUwMTgArYGUEDPlYUxf3H98GmHkzMwKjtuQk6rFlfaEtTJloAAppN1CaiK7TAFRmhI2Tv-OxOWEYyavxvDt5iZGQvjPASUucvtteDYaYy8b0oaw/s1217/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="1217" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDnlgcKpwbjIz2CUqCMZjZ9g4BA1_6Jdb5xiDropvInomljVX5_BNWmIMg2IcaGDikYRp4p0_BescEUwMTgArYGUEDPlYUxf3H98GmHkzMwKjtuQk6rFlfaEtTJloAAppN1CaiK7TAFRmhI2Tv-OxOWEYyavxvDt5iZGQvjPASUucvtteDYaYy8b0oaw/w400-h329/Picture3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoCaption"><i>Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]-->3<!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-no-proof:
yes'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--> 1887 copper
Italian centesimi coin from the Canal Street Lattimer site(36LU0312). From the
collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania<o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Lastly, this week, the holidays are here, and we wish all
our readers a joyous season. If you like, take a moment to view December blog
posts from years past with more seasonal themes - like <a href="https://twipa.blogspot.com/2010/12/christmas-tree-point.html" target="_blank">ChristmasTree projectile points</a>, or <a href="https://twipa.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-joys-of-toys.html" target="_blank">children’s toys</a>
one might have found under their tree - from our 13 years (and counting!) blog
archive.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>References:</b><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">AECOM<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">2015 <i>Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations
for the Proposed Petrochemicals Complex Potter and <o:p></o:p></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i> Center Townships, Beaver County,
Pennsylvania <o:p></o:p></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Carr, Kurt W. (Editor); et al.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">2020 The
Archaeology of Native Americans in Pennsylvania Volume I, University of Penn
Press, Phila.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Jones, Sean M.; et al.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">2022 <i>Archaeological Investigations of Site
36LU312, Canal Street, Lattimer Luzerne County, <o:p></o:p></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i> Pennsylvania</i>, University of
Maryland, Department of Anthropology.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">McCarthy, John P.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">1986 <i>Determination
of Eligibility Report for Archaeological Resources associated with the
Mid-County Expressway L.R. 1010 Sections 300 and 400 Delaware County,
Pennsylvania</i>, John Milner and Associates<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Spiess, Arthur E. (Editor)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">2013 After Hopewell: The Jack’s Reef Horizon and
Its Place in the Early Late Woodland Mortuary and Settlement Patterns in
Northeastern North America, Papers from the 2012 ESAF meeting. <i>Archaeology
of Eastern North America</i> Volume 40.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Website: <a href="https://carnegiemnh.org/whats-a-nurdle/">What’s a Nurdle?
(carnegiemnh.org)</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-59884449697877738042022-12-15T10:24:00.003-05:002022-12-15T10:24:13.823-05:00Tea, please<div>Today, Dec. 15<sup>th</sup> is International Tea Day, a day to
celebrate one of the most popular beverages on the planet. Whether you drink it
black, green, mint, chai, iced, with or without milk, there are over 20,000 different
types of teas available.</div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Historically, tea is a very old beverage. Although tea
leaves were originally chewed for their stimulating properties for thousands of
years, legend says that the practice of drinking tea was discovered by Chinese
Emperor Shen Nung in 2732 B.C. after leaves from a tea tree blew into a pot of
boiling water. When the emperor sampled the liquid, he was taken with the
taste. For thousands of years afterward, tea was drunk in China as a medicinal
beverage. By 350 C.E., tea was being planted and domestically cultivated by the
Chinese. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">After this time, the use of tea began to spread to areas of
Asia outside of China. Chinese tea was first introduced into Europe in the 16<sup>th</sup>
century and traded commercially by the Dutch East India Company in 1610. Later,
tea was brought to the London market by the English East India Company where it
became very popular with elite British families. Tea’s popularity with the
English was such that they began to grow it in British India and Ceylon (Sri
Lanka) and to develop rituals such as Afternoon Tea based around the brewing
and consumption of the liquid. <o:p></o:p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl10z_SQvzRKjfrQi-sFSD3o1hw9rLBvDgq_-jcplu0nCmDdr7oMCF1ESldFoASGucZvTAS1JxkPplazSq5gNyWJxJ8uKLfsI00DCAHd75f4-K0yIwjAjQJqmyQYTUEMqqxUelx_3hCdKK38gqRGG34RTXmH87H-wM3cVETftMYKiJdKx4ZqfKZu4Caw/s1005/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="756" data-original-width="1005" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl10z_SQvzRKjfrQi-sFSD3o1hw9rLBvDgq_-jcplu0nCmDdr7oMCF1ESldFoASGucZvTAS1JxkPplazSq5gNyWJxJ8uKLfsI00DCAHd75f4-K0yIwjAjQJqmyQYTUEMqqxUelx_3hCdKK38gqRGG34RTXmH87H-wM3cVETftMYKiJdKx4ZqfKZu4Caw/w400-h301/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i>The 19<sup>th</sup>-century
clipper Cutty Sark (now a museum in Greenwich, England) was built for use
in the tea trade (photo by Kimberly Sebestyen)</i><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">The popularity of tea drinking with Europeans increased as its
price fell through the 18<sup>th</sup> century. As well, tea drinking spread
into the colonies of North America with the influence of Europe on the New
World. As all Americans know, tea figured prominently in the 1773 Boston Tea
Party where rebels, angry at Britain’s “<i>taxation without representation</i>”,
dumped over 300 chests of East India Company tea into the Boston harbor. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Due to the popularity of tea worldwide – it is currently the
second most consumed beverage after water – the accessories needed for storing,
brewing, and drinking tea are numerous. In turn, this means that tea-related
artifacts are common on archaeological sites.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Originally, tea was pressed into hard bricks, which would be
ground and mixed into a frothy drink similar to matcha. This tea was then drunk
out of wide bowls instead of cups. After the 7<sup>th</sup> century C.E., loose
leaf teas became more popular and the teapot, adapted from other use, became
the vessel of choice for brewing tea. The loose tea would have been placed into
a pot of boiling water and strained when finished steeping. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">After it became popular in Europe, loose leaf tea would have
been stored in chests or canisters. This would preserve its freshness while crossing
the seas and later in the home. And because tea was expensive in the 18<sup>th</sup>
century, many of the chests locked to prevent theft. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">Collections from sites around the Philadelphia area have
yielded many teapots in different shapes, colors, and designs.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinXWEUsikRB4YnK2T-_H2BFclJCaj6spSpxHzAlyo1wTNPROrA4b5637l7fvLBA5crT4n-dZCBt1-KH59mhoy42Vr3Y2D6-ePqWpqAWHt3T0AG2VaB3yfgS1f28rF4kj0UDIgW-CoEyTvyb7VG8Zh75DBgdH6I2UdAWCfbDohICoQKVDcfpHJm5VEzpw/s463/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="311" data-original-width="463" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinXWEUsikRB4YnK2T-_H2BFclJCaj6spSpxHzAlyo1wTNPROrA4b5637l7fvLBA5crT4n-dZCBt1-KH59mhoy42Vr3Y2D6-ePqWpqAWHt3T0AG2VaB3yfgS1f28rF4kj0UDIgW-CoEyTvyb7VG8Zh75DBgdH6I2UdAWCfbDohICoQKVDcfpHJm5VEzpw/w400-h269/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><i>White salt-glazed stoneware tea bowls
and tea pots from Philadelphia</i>. </span><a name="_Hlk121467039"><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Collections
of The State Museum of Pennsylvania, Section of Archaeology </span></i></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4P8bXCtVfjqdd8FHF4hRznnuhC5v8PRtX66qRwEoy8uABRD1fEKMIp2cJOG_RlnIW7KZ4-Ebh5apf69fDkU2NK5T4LvE3eBQ68tHMo6uI_CW3t236ClaFzBLuUR-epxdH1hdTZW7963jDXRRnElEr4MGr2Q_XAFmzxSgD5lhJUarGxNaB_JVac6Rg-Q/s1251/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="863" data-original-width="1251" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4P8bXCtVfjqdd8FHF4hRznnuhC5v8PRtX66qRwEoy8uABRD1fEKMIp2cJOG_RlnIW7KZ4-Ebh5apf69fDkU2NK5T4LvE3eBQ68tHMo6uI_CW3t236ClaFzBLuUR-epxdH1hdTZW7963jDXRRnElEr4MGr2Q_XAFmzxSgD5lhJUarGxNaB_JVac6Rg-Q/w400-h276/Picture3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Scratch
blue salt-glazed stoneware teapot recovered at <a href="https://ephratacloister.org/" target="_blank">Ephrata Cloister</a>(36LA0981). <i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Collections of The State Museum of
Pennsylvania, Section of Archaeology </span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihjaRB_Jtop25yFJ9apU31HE5xYK-ilzO3Nhx_dhSPWVvaATYf8vHRzhsB5ifojASvQjrnLaQ-IvAtM0w1yjzDI6hAwepxil941RTeBYdx14nfVt90Jev4Hly11py4Tps3YYzBAl4SVkZCg6qhUdlK9jnTY8zC1Mt_tf7ioYdRyG3NzQLTWHk5I1jCBg/s1156/TWIPA-Custome.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="595" data-original-width="1156" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihjaRB_Jtop25yFJ9apU31HE5xYK-ilzO3Nhx_dhSPWVvaATYf8vHRzhsB5ifojASvQjrnLaQ-IvAtM0w1yjzDI6hAwepxil941RTeBYdx14nfVt90Jev4Hly11py4Tps3YYzBAl4SVkZCg6qhUdlK9jnTY8zC1Mt_tf7ioYdRyG3NzQLTWHk5I1jCBg/w400-h206/TWIPA-Custome.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i>Teapots from the
Community and Domestic Life Section of The State Museum of Pennsylvania. <o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">In the mid-18<sup>th</sup> century, the first teacups as we
know them were created by Robert Adams. A tea bowl with an added handle allowed
a person to drink their tea more easily and without burning their fingers.
Early teacups were made from delicate porcelain; however, <a name="_Hlk121124929">teacups come in an almost endless number of materials, shapes,
and decorations.</a></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrDvUTnBR7OK9Ftalc_H9vS17owrokO4kct0s57zPnLurEdJb_FKD6WT5ZiX_vLxfDruy0DuJqluTN4euoVicXQhP_Db3gbGLEXIjUIBs70jPjWvmfAedVdzm1Pp0GXEaVwzfLifakwxSUIhZr_S3M72bE-Lxh3dSK03BCahPm-9g_70iRT02VKkRz9g/s968/Picture5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="726" data-original-width="968" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrDvUTnBR7OK9Ftalc_H9vS17owrokO4kct0s57zPnLurEdJb_FKD6WT5ZiX_vLxfDruy0DuJqluTN4euoVicXQhP_Db3gbGLEXIjUIBs70jPjWvmfAedVdzm1Pp0GXEaVwzfLifakwxSUIhZr_S3M72bE-Lxh3dSK03BCahPm-9g_70iRT02VKkRz9g/w400-h300/Picture5.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> Variety
of teacups from Market Street sites. </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtoiMOT4WWj5im_PoIgmK49P2WXEwdUjxZlLCtwKAV89fa52Qj6o5Mpa3_cG8V6X8UiUwCjrFLpQ4zI56vZfVNOIdezLeoEDk7NApJcgN8a7oo9oSWhLMlQn4Jv8qjyDoH8x5yoo6gVujxorWHpHquW0wLpiKLOjq-_fVOZRs4U7hWCC0VpkjOOSQ3eQ/s426/Picture6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="286" data-original-width="426" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtoiMOT4WWj5im_PoIgmK49P2WXEwdUjxZlLCtwKAV89fa52Qj6o5Mpa3_cG8V6X8UiUwCjrFLpQ4zI56vZfVNOIdezLeoEDk7NApJcgN8a7oo9oSWhLMlQn4Jv8qjyDoH8x5yoo6gVujxorWHpHquW0wLpiKLOjq-_fVOZRs4U7hWCC0VpkjOOSQ3eQ/w400-h269/Picture6.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Creamware
teacup recovered from the Fort Hunter site (36DA0159)<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><p class="MsoNormal">In the 19<sup>th</sup> century, infusers or strainers were
used to keep loose tea leaves contained Tea bags as we know them were not
created until the early twentieth century. Legend says that an American tea
importer, Thomas Sullivan, began sending out samples of tea wrapped in silk in
1908. When some of his customers misunderstood and placed the whole pouch into
boiling water, an idea for individually wrapped tea was born.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIanApkQ4WILsvATbFoXuhpUqdwoBp_4-pfx5vBserQ11e0vtWD5gtAw3p-8ku-1Ny2gzfxqsXhO4kPZfBSDMkbHR3_ft4kyAsu2ONLAtKIgLQufzHsvjrTAEgw8G5hPRDJEZJdpi0cCCtMm6d2DXgxvy4reTbW30v1iZ07SijElJLYzHR-qlKxvFvcw/s976/Picture7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="734" data-original-width="976" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIanApkQ4WILsvATbFoXuhpUqdwoBp_4-pfx5vBserQ11e0vtWD5gtAw3p-8ku-1Ny2gzfxqsXhO4kPZfBSDMkbHR3_ft4kyAsu2ONLAtKIgLQufzHsvjrTAEgw8G5hPRDJEZJdpi0cCCtMm6d2DXgxvy4reTbW30v1iZ07SijElJLYzHR-qlKxvFvcw/w400-h301/Picture7.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>Tea
infuser/strainer in the Community and Domestic Life Section of the State Museum
of Pennsylvania <o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Collections of The State Museum of
Pennsylvania, Section of Archaeology <o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">Tea drinking has become a deeply entrenched custom in many
societies, so much so that tiny tea sets are made and used by children. This
toy teacup was recovered from the Fort Hunter site (36DA0159) in Dauphin County
and likely belonged to one of the children who grew up there.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhByVY1xz-WJRZmfAZdrgI3jtZciogjnHDnOgDMO30x_yqRiMh40UaN_GxEcKQt8c5s1h2dB81USjeY1fY0wUAHZlgPwRYeNLbn3em8t-CNNmdKo2TfzP5K7n2-ZQJMY3e2oF4y_YM3hjN3y0Pj4URHI2UNEheAGGdjgwa4wPLC9Kk-TPmvkVjiwkGDXg/s1015/Picture8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="814" data-original-width="1015" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhByVY1xz-WJRZmfAZdrgI3jtZciogjnHDnOgDMO30x_yqRiMh40UaN_GxEcKQt8c5s1h2dB81USjeY1fY0wUAHZlgPwRYeNLbn3em8t-CNNmdKo2TfzP5K7n2-ZQJMY3e2oF4y_YM3hjN3y0Pj4URHI2UNEheAGGdjgwa4wPLC9Kk-TPmvkVjiwkGDXg/w400-h321/Picture8.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> <i> Tiny teacup toy recovered from the Fort Hunter site (36DA0159) Collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania, Section of Archaeology </i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">Many of these examples are from Philadelphia due to the number of archaeological
projects and recorded sites but there are also many other site collections that
contain this type of historic ceramics. As always, the Market Street and Fort
Hunter assemblages and other collections held by the Section of Archaeology are
available for scholarly research as approved by scheduled appointment. To see
additional examples of ceramics from the collections of the Pennsylvania
Historical & Museum Commission, <a href="https://www.phmc.pa.gov/Museums/Online-Collection/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">visit our collections</a> and our
other blogs which have featured a wide array of ceramics.</p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><b><u>Additional Reading</u>:</b><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Tea History- <a href="http://www.coffeeteawarehouse.com/tea-history.html" target="_blank">http://www.coffeeteawarehouse.com/tea-history.html</a>
<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Tea traditions- <a href="https://www.theteaspot.com/pages/tea-traditions" target="_blank">https://www.theteaspot.com/pages/tea-traditions</a>
<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">History.com – Boston Tea Party - <a href="https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/boston-tea-party#:~:text=The%20Boston%20Tea%20Party%20was,India%20Company%20into%20the%20harbor" target="_blank">https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/boston-tea-party#:~:text=The%20Boston%20Tea%20Party%20was,India%20Company%20into%20the%20harbor</a>.
<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Teapot History- <a href="https://pathofcha.com/blogs/all-about-tea/a-brief-history-of-the-teapot" target="_blank">https://pathofcha.com/blogs/all-about-tea/a-brief-history-of-the-teapot</a>
<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">International Tea Day- <a href="https://nationaltoday.com/international-tea-day/" target="_blank">https://nationaltoday.com/international-tea-day/</a>
<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-54177435707244152172022-11-30T13:15:00.003-05:002022-11-30T13:15:46.179-05:00Native American Artistry in Textiles<div>In the collections of the State Museum of Pennsylvania, Section of Archaeology, are skillfully crafted items that demonstrate the artistry of the Native American cultures who created them. This week in acknowledgement of Native American Heritage Month we will share the preservation efforts undertaken to restore and preserve one of these beautiful pieces. Also highlighted from the collection is a beaded belt and purse.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm8oiAxdTQN38w2qKle6ctqjo17xgwJlnHtHHHeMkRewj0smjG-BgxpBrbpwoeHNUjAZBaIF8UkeV6A-r3CPjnLztRfCE5mpkb2UwC-SKlWLnu3PhL_LiHVGixyW8WdD5q7kVxp9ppeuRpNnc7B9WLq2XA5BzIooks8CrySU54doidisMcwYHxMzpbrQ/s1024/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="555" data-original-width="1024" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm8oiAxdTQN38w2qKle6ctqjo17xgwJlnHtHHHeMkRewj0smjG-BgxpBrbpwoeHNUjAZBaIF8UkeV6A-r3CPjnLztRfCE5mpkb2UwC-SKlWLnu3PhL_LiHVGixyW8WdD5q7kVxp9ppeuRpNnc7B9WLq2XA5BzIooks8CrySU54doidisMcwYHxMzpbrQ/w400-h216/Picture1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><i>Figure 1 Delaware blouse before treatment, from the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>This woman’s shirt, described in 1929 as “very old,” was acquired by ethnohistorian<a href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.Ms.Coll.126-ead.xml" target="_blank"> Frank G. Speck</a> while visiting the Delaware Tribe who reside in Oklahoma. The blouse was in fair condition, but preservation would restore color to the garment and insure its stabilization for future display. The blouse is fabricated from red-dyed cotton, has ruffled sleeve cuffs, and a collar ornamented with German silver brooches and domed buttons. The conservator noted the following observations when examining the blouse prior to treatment.</div><div><div><br /></div><div>The buttons are attached to the shirt with white cotton thread, and there were no holes in the garment. The shirt, however, was extremely creased and wrinkled from years of flat storage. Several areas of the red-dyed fabric were faded due to exposure to natural light. Importantly, green corrosion products were evident on most of the German silver ornaments which adorned the collar. German Silver is also known as nickel silver and is a silver-white allow of copper, zinc and nickel which contains no silver. Corrosion products present on the metallic discs can weaken cotton fibers which hold the buttons in position and may permanently stain surrounding fabric.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>The conservation measures taken to preserve this blouse included a microscopic examination of the fibers and stitching methods employed in its construction, a tool useful for establishing the period of use of the garment. This analysis determined that the body is a single piece of fabric with a neck opening cut in the center. The ends of the fabric were hand stitched. Sleeves and ruffles were applied by both hand stitching and lockstitch machine sewing. These traits enabled the conservator to determine that the shirt was likely made in the early 20th century.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHuJGU5ZGYe7nnbyBskqRjYFc3OzIaXKWSWqRZw5eTj3rGYgMr3raYGj9kv_XBB485RawqA9WPp-sciaLebb_AQHpawQ-nwOLhofjj5vowGrhfUNtPbJNHUXsM3a3IizGEqDVMuFWXCIiU_ZWfBsLdiqlw5NtZEJ6SWuR4hkDHlCMbLq8_-fW6tPP00w/s1109/Picture2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="679" data-original-width="1109" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHuJGU5ZGYe7nnbyBskqRjYFc3OzIaXKWSWqRZw5eTj3rGYgMr3raYGj9kv_XBB485RawqA9WPp-sciaLebb_AQHpawQ-nwOLhofjj5vowGrhfUNtPbJNHUXsM3a3IizGEqDVMuFWXCIiU_ZWfBsLdiqlw5NtZEJ6SWuR4hkDHlCMbLq8_-fW6tPP00w/w400-h245/Picture2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><i>Figure 2 Blouse after treatment</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>To restore the color of the shirt, the creases were released within a humidification tank and the metallic discs were cleaned and preserved with a microcrystalline wax. The body of the shirt was covered with “Stabiltex,” a red material attached by hand with red silk single ply thread. The conservation treatment was funded by the Pennsylvania Heritage Foundation and will go far to ensure the long-term preservation of this beautiful blouse.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf6-g6B-qwvbqiHX5IqPR9Fgi1ex7f-u5CiPW6zqscveV9oIGlGiV6UkLOHCWNd3WyMy79iYsQ91KEKzrhSK_Mt9-PuMZZMtWDG0VzAbaHWXRnNuwWS0NhvIfRMtVqj61RTXhUuZ4bNxLGsvCFoahR4e-acXVoJ9_wO79VgC3Sas8bQd5e-kVgdKM1sw/s1249/Picture3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="830" data-original-width="1249" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf6-g6B-qwvbqiHX5IqPR9Fgi1ex7f-u5CiPW6zqscveV9oIGlGiV6UkLOHCWNd3WyMy79iYsQ91KEKzrhSK_Mt9-PuMZZMtWDG0VzAbaHWXRnNuwWS0NhvIfRMtVqj61RTXhUuZ4bNxLGsvCFoahR4e-acXVoJ9_wO79VgC3Sas8bQd5e-kVgdKM1sw/w400-h266/Picture3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><i>Figure 3 closeup detail of the German silver disc adorning the collar of the Delaware blouse (Tàkhwèmpës). From the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>This style of blouse is a <a href="https://delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/LENAPE-NAMES-OF-TRADITIONAL-CLOTHING.pdf" target="_blank">traditional woman’s garment</a> often worn for dance ceremonies. It was worn with a skirt adorned with ribbons in various patterns, leggings, and moccasins. A dance shawl, brooch, hair combs, headpieces and fans were also worn with these garments. There are many traditional dances of the Delaware culture. Some dances are named after foods, such as the Corn or Bean Dance; animals, such as the Raccoon and Duck Dance; and some are named for Native American tribes, such as the Cherokee Dance. Children learn these dances from their elders and feature at celebrations such as the Annual Delaware Pow Wow, held by the Delaware Tribe of Indians who held their 57th Pow Wow in May of this year.</div><div><p>Many associate beadwork with Native American cultures but often don’t realize that the designs created are symbolic to the creator and their tribe. The earliest <a href="https://asiheritage.ca/a-thread-between-generations-indigenous-beadwork-from-then-to-now/" target="_blank">beadwork</a> was created before European contact featuring designs made from shell, bone, porcupine quills, seeds, and leather. Unfortunately, many of these elements did not survive burial in the acidic soils of the Eastern Woodlands, the homelands of the Delaware, Seneca, Cayuga, and many other groups. The tradition of beadwork has survived, however, and is skillfully executed by Native American artists across the country, many who have multi-generational heritage as beadworkers.</p><p>A visit from Lucy Parks Blalock of the Delaware Tribe of Indians, now located in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, to the State Museum was an opportunity for us to meet the creator of a beaded belt in the museum’s collection. Mrs. Blalock made the belt in the late 1920s when ethnohistorian Frank Speck visited the Delaware peoples living in Oklahoma. Mr. Speck was collecting pieces for the Pennsylvania Historical Commission at the time. Mrs. Blalock did not know that her belt was in the museum’s collection and was surprised when she was reunited with her beadwork. Mrs. Blalock spoke the Delaware language and was an important resource for linguist<a href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/lenape-center-honors-linguist-jim-rementer" target="_blank"> Jim Rementer</a>, who has compiled the <a href="https://www.talk-lenape.org/" target="_blank">Lenape Dictionary</a> and recorded songs and stories, helping to preserve these for future generations.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMn2zp9WuFeTGKDDsMO6mRS14ge6fUtIUdQ21u1dlSAFDCQ7u970oTMqRZ-sq6Bljpi3tNCeVE-imvRxntHdJRzAkrchUmwJ5GPEeins8dSV9j3s1I2Dmdqa2ha8zYkFCuXc9LaXjTYwjH6m9nea4QaBfiPC7akQRlERRiJ4jI70cd1dFa3l8jVUq47w/s412/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="412" data-original-width="351" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMn2zp9WuFeTGKDDsMO6mRS14ge6fUtIUdQ21u1dlSAFDCQ7u970oTMqRZ-sq6Bljpi3tNCeVE-imvRxntHdJRzAkrchUmwJ5GPEeins8dSV9j3s1I2Dmdqa2ha8zYkFCuXc9LaXjTYwjH6m9nea4QaBfiPC7akQRlERRiJ4jI70cd1dFa3l8jVUq47w/w341-h400/Picture4.png" width="341" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><i>Figure 4 Lucy Parks Blalock with her beaded belt, photo from the Collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL0MbHz4aIxq8Ww0J_iYgq7tdBpSBbnaqyKisfhq0aB9A2dOzB4uqAFIZYHTpKCwdvnqqJnO6rGAhE2wDlesJJGamLjLLG-m97gn3B3BK7J3LJc7RAaP01eups5u7O6lTBZOECBLEr4qKtjqBthU5dGBk2xxXggJDFWifNTtTwhf64pM2yuc46HhVtHw/s846/Picture5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="770" data-original-width="846" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL0MbHz4aIxq8Ww0J_iYgq7tdBpSBbnaqyKisfhq0aB9A2dOzB4uqAFIZYHTpKCwdvnqqJnO6rGAhE2wDlesJJGamLjLLG-m97gn3B3BK7J3LJc7RAaP01eups5u7O6lTBZOECBLEr4qKtjqBthU5dGBk2xxXggJDFWifNTtTwhf64pM2yuc46HhVtHw/w400-h364/Picture5.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><i>Figure 5 beaded purse from the Collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><p>This beaded purse was also collected by Frank Speck and illustrates a combination of beading and silk ribbon trim in a colorful design. <a href="https://delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Beadwork.pdf" target="_blank">Denise Neil-Binion’s discussion</a> of Delaware beadwork attributes floral motifs as a common design element of the 19th century. The red ribbon work on this piece has faded, but the striking design and vibrant colors of the beadwork remain as an example of skilled craftsmanship.</p><p>We hope you have enjoyed this blog and will continue to visit us as we highlight the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania, Section of Archaeology. View <a href="https://www.phmc.pa.gov/Museums/Online-Collection/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">additional pieces</a> from our collections.</p><p><b><u>Resources </u></b></p><p><a href="https://delawaretribe.org/" target="_blank">https://delawaretribe.org/</a></p><p> <a href="https://delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/aDelWomenClo.pdf" target="_blank">https://delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/aDelWomenClo.pdf</a> (PDF)</p><p><a href="https://www.delawarenation-nsn.gov/a-proclamation-on-indigenous-peoples-day-2022/" target="_blank">https://www.delawarenation-nsn.gov/a-proclamation-on-indigenous-peoples-day-2022/</a></p><p>J.A.M.,. "Frank Gouldsmith Speck." <i>Museum Bulletin </i>XV, no. 1 (July, 1950): 3-5. Accessed November 22, 2022. <a href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/bulletin/3223/" target="_blank">https://www.penn.museum/sites/bulletin/3223/</a></p></div><div><br /></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-59539009084934119392022-11-11T09:10:00.002-05:002022-11-11T09:10:26.569-05:00A Summary of the Eastern States Rock Art Research Association’s 2022 Conference <div><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://esrara.org/" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: white;">The Eastern States Rock Art Research
Association (ESRARA)</span></span></a> held its 2022 conference on Oct. 7-8, 2022, in
St. Louis, Missouri. The conference brought together presenters and attendees
from nine states to discuss the documentation, preservation, and interpretation
of rock art sites which included petroglyph (images carved on stone) and
pictograph (images painted or drawn on stone) sites in the Eastern United
States. Pennsylvania was well represented with three presentations focusing on rock
art sites from the Keystone State, which now has over forty petroglyph sites
recorded in its cultural resource site files.<o:p></o:p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXUDnRuetS97Z-lxlK64odPgkEqSoBctUFJAEkbS91v6S-oG5FfkuhyV1iZJ8494rGET6lh9zB50jZP6_2yP6dFzwz_wZnujPGpx9cBWScExtuihizfbvoZyv5cLJT79DNsgkvSEieeK-7rFCZZldOtbp8ZtF14YSvl6KymYbv2FGzyUwFSLCYjKxLAA/s624/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="59" data-original-width="624" height="38" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXUDnRuetS97Z-lxlK64odPgkEqSoBctUFJAEkbS91v6S-oG5FfkuhyV1iZJ8494rGET6lh9zB50jZP6_2yP6dFzwz_wZnujPGpx9cBWScExtuihizfbvoZyv5cLJT79DNsgkvSEieeK-7rFCZZldOtbp8ZtF14YSvl6KymYbv2FGzyUwFSLCYjKxLAA/w400-h38/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i>The logo for the
Eastern States Rock Art Research Association (ESRARA).<o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">A theme throughout the conference was that rock art sites often go unnoticed unless someone is looking for them. One of the presentations focused on Pennsylvania included images and discussion about seemingly forgotten sites and another previously undocumented petroglyph site in the Lower Susquehanna Valley. Located atop a small rock island in the river is carved the figure of a birdman that was previously unknown to researchers.</p></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT-45srI03mWDdOVNH5kHXSJvFCqbRpNWGT7VqGidPsQ8Qazy_fUf0dEPVxgEDoLJ3Cev7Y7j2V8UxGdRVzWgEbo9HX6aEz08EqwFB8iHQ_ntAnU2fIX3e_FD7UiSKGpEopmw1Yfjyp6kz4GNFpzEEjW-5lTlo2YVbpXtXseuLOWJMD5JF4rWbFemvyQ/s519/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="519" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT-45srI03mWDdOVNH5kHXSJvFCqbRpNWGT7VqGidPsQ8Qazy_fUf0dEPVxgEDoLJ3Cev7Y7j2V8UxGdRVzWgEbo9HX6aEz08EqwFB8iHQ_ntAnU2fIX3e_FD7UiSKGpEopmw1Yfjyp6kz4GNFpzEEjW-5lTlo2YVbpXtXseuLOWJMD5JF4rWbFemvyQ/w400-h260/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i>A figure with both
human and bird-like attributes is carved on the highest section of a small rocky
island in the Lower Susquehanna River. (Photo: Melanie Mayhew)<o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>As digital technologies advance so do methods for documenting petroglyph sites. Several presentations at the conference demonstrated the use of 3D modeling using photogrammetry and LiDAR. Photogrammetry software uses images to construct a 3-dimensional model while LiDAR uses specialized equipment to collect data with a laser. A benefit of photogrammetry is that no specialized equipment is needed to collect the data, just a digital camera. Photos are then imported into photogrammetry software and a 3D model created. Unlike archaeological excavation, which is a destructive process, the study of rock art primarily uses non-destructive methods of documentation, and it promotes the preservation of sites where they were created hundreds or even thousands of years ago. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLV1R69j_qiFDgDBNSKuEOO6bqrEkMBvHnmEiJnOg_jVkbeOtj9J1wLgWmf9moWowcSgjKKI3cKgYLWsNxPR-Fv7e4rZcSu7PpQV9hTu4AtFiWcZOKOSe9RchOkEvhuFpeQaQUrti6CYDAoX-lrwun5duAAKA1V7m8I4WuJ0JUcY3vA5bNAPeCIIzBqA/s624/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="352" data-original-width="624" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLV1R69j_qiFDgDBNSKuEOO6bqrEkMBvHnmEiJnOg_jVkbeOtj9J1wLgWmf9moWowcSgjKKI3cKgYLWsNxPR-Fv7e4rZcSu7PpQV9hTu4AtFiWcZOKOSe9RchOkEvhuFpeQaQUrti6CYDAoX-lrwun5duAAKA1V7m8I4WuJ0JUcY3vA5bNAPeCIIzBqA/w400-h226/Picture3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i>This birds-eye
view of a well-known petroglyph site in the Lower Susquehanna Valley was
created by linking many images into a 3D model using photogrammetry. While this
view is useful for mapping a site, it is not an angle from which the site can
be easily viewed in real life. (Image: Melanie Mayhew)<o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>Presenters also discussed new methods of illustrating sites using digital technologies. Referencing the same site as the 3D model above, the image below was created by digitally tracing a high-resolution photograph of the site using a Wacom drawing tablet and Adobe Photoshop. Drawing a site in this format provides a comprehensive method of visualizing subtle detail that has been excluded from previous attempts to map petroglyph/pictograph sites. It also gives the viewer a realistic view of the site at a specific time of day and year. Methods of mapping sites using such media as chalk or other substances are not recommended by conservators.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdRE4HgNMXMorlyt95UlKIjV6C5sdOARR5ZdslZCoEymq3yXgERVbc-OutBtabF4Y0l75la1F_4TJAXSOpCBRolibVLmKtcoznBrPJoSy7JkWmXsV95igLdFacTvHUYlnOpYgRe3RkuX2SKV12lNsxh9kYHDVBuCDE4axd--Os3hVQOebY-ZsHjlsAIQ/s628/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="413" data-original-width="628" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdRE4HgNMXMorlyt95UlKIjV6C5sdOARR5ZdslZCoEymq3yXgERVbc-OutBtabF4Y0l75la1F_4TJAXSOpCBRolibVLmKtcoznBrPJoSy7JkWmXsV95igLdFacTvHUYlnOpYgRe3RkuX2SKV12lNsxh9kYHDVBuCDE4axd--Os3hVQOebY-ZsHjlsAIQ/w400-h263/Picture4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i>An original
photograph taken during sunrise around the equinox (left) and the illustration
created by digitally tracing the photo (right). (Images: Melanie Mayhew)<o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>Pictographs (images drawn or painted on stone) are most often associated with western states, but one was recently rediscovered and documented in Pennsylvania. The Chickaree Hill Pictograph is a relatively small circular image drawn on the ceiling of a rock overhang in western Pennsylvania. Its red color comes from the iron-rich material, likely hematite, that was used to create the image. <a href="https://www.dstretch.com/" target="_blank">DStretch</a>, a digital tool available as an app, can aid in making faded or faint pictographs more visible. This tool has helped to increase the number of visible images on previously documented pictograph sites. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdwiRrQEyMs2bJnthJblMqT2NWbncTTbRTCRr6dRn1okWiRgOKpwJjJQJsZq8juxuNSS4GoQ7iXdWbuDfFrhj2zYnfBG_7uZ58ITTviwcRHcUyPxONR8pNBEnZlVbg86ZSWLCQieGoouHSxJlrxcnhgej01P9wDaHKVxjvMjDaj3Dfmsw4dULyant65Q/s536/Picture5.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="536" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdwiRrQEyMs2bJnthJblMqT2NWbncTTbRTCRr6dRn1okWiRgOKpwJjJQJsZq8juxuNSS4GoQ7iXdWbuDfFrhj2zYnfBG_7uZ58ITTviwcRHcUyPxONR8pNBEnZlVbg86ZSWLCQieGoouHSxJlrxcnhgej01P9wDaHKVxjvMjDaj3Dfmsw4dULyant65Q/w400-h271/Picture5.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i>A photograph of
the Chickaree Hill Pictograph from Pennsylvania’s Archaeological Site Survey
(PASS) form. The circular decorated area is only a few inches across. (image: </i><a href="https://share.phmc.pa.gov/pashare/home/welcome"><i><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration-line: none;">PA-SHARE</span></i></a><i>)<o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>Among other presentations, the conference included a
day-long field trip to <a href="https://cahokiamounds.org/" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: white;">Cahokia
Mounds</span></span></a>, an UNESCO world heritage site, and two nearby petroglyph
sites. One of these sites, <a href="https://mostateparks.com/page/77856/petroglyphs" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: white;">Washington State</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration-line: none;"> </span><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: white;">Park</span></span></a>,
provided caution against well-meaning infrastructure improvements that can
damage a site over the long term, as seen below.</div><div><br /></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNHeuI0faNrSMNpk4tlYp8q7ML2Gao5JoBNrdA-TKHrcO6DOQtsiHgjDsfPsE9eNJo5YMeglf2qklhhG09d7c-VMdc1InS-FiS5cT-3TnyLITxZmU8Y3PR3CspeZSpT3AIJfwKLHloBF20alu7PVaXDOQhSHDq8hcQD4EqngLS102WYhPrdFWVLBqv8w/s562/Picture6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="562" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNHeuI0faNrSMNpk4tlYp8q7ML2Gao5JoBNrdA-TKHrcO6DOQtsiHgjDsfPsE9eNJo5YMeglf2qklhhG09d7c-VMdc1InS-FiS5cT-3TnyLITxZmU8Y3PR3CspeZSpT3AIJfwKLHloBF20alu7PVaXDOQhSHDq8hcQD4EqngLS102WYhPrdFWVLBqv8w/w400-h274/Picture6.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i>The above images of
Washington State Park petroglyphs show the southern (left) and northern (right)
panels at the site. The northern panel remains continuously shaded by a
boardwalk and overhead shelter, providing favorable conditions for organic
growth which will, over time, damage the site.<o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">For more information, visit the <a href="https://esrara.org/" target="_blank">Eastern States Rock Art Research Association (ESRARA)</a>. For more information on Pennsylvania Petroglyphs, view our <a href="http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/archaeology/files/petroglyphs.pdf" target="_blank">petroglyph brochure</a> (PDF).</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p></div><div><p><b>Links and Resources:</b></p><p><a href="https://arara.wildapricot.org/" target="_blank">American Rock Art Research Association (ARARA)</a></p><p>ARARA is an active community dedicated to rock art preservation, research, and education. Several educational resources can be found on their website, including lesson plans for grades K-9. ARARA hosts frequent web presentations and holds an annual conference. Past web presentations can be found on their YouTube channel.</p><p><a href="https://esrara.org/" target="_blank">Eastern States Rock Art Research Association (ESRARA)</a></p><p>ESRARA is a group of dedicated professional and avocational members who focus their attention on rock art located in the Eastern United States.</p><p><a href="https://www.pennsylvaniaarchaeology.com/" target="_blank">Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology (SPA)</a></p><p>A community of professional and avocational archaeologists dedicated to the scientific study and conservation of archaeological resources in Pennsylvania and surrounding states. Their 92nd annual conference will be held in Dubois, Pennsylvania on April 14-16, 2023.</p><p></p><p>Burkett, Ken</p><p>2021 The Chickaree Hill Pictograph (36CB28). <i>Pennsylvania Archaeologist</i>. Vol 91(2)</p><p></p><p>Cadzow, Donald</p><p>1932 <i>Petroglyphs [Rock Carvings] in the Susquehanna River near Safe Harbor, Pennsylvania, Safe Harbor Report No. 1</i>. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.</p><p></p><p>Swauger, James</p><p>1974 <i>Rock Art of the Upper Ohio Valley</i>. Akademische Druck, Austria.</p></div><div><div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW6602794 BCX0" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: white; clear: both; cursor: text; direction: ltr; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Segoe UI Web", Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: relative; user-select: text;"><p class="Paragraph SCXW6602794 BCX0" paraeid="{d4c97f88-252f-440e-9b17-3e6e9ed5e05d}{19}" paraid="2138067025" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none; background-color: transparent; color: windowtext; font-kerning: none; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; user-select: text; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></p></div></div><div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-78147122215598917292022-10-27T17:54:00.004-04:002022-10-27T17:54:33.143-04:00PATHWAYS TO THE PAST: 2022 Workshops in Archaeology<div><p class="MsoNormal">It’s that time of year again, October is Archaeology Month
and that means it’s time for the Annual Workshops in Archaeology at The State
Museum of Pennsylvania, this year we are live for the first time since 2019. That’s right, live at The State Museum of
Pennsylvania on October 29, 2022, so join us as we travel the ‘Pathways to the
Past’. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPd5Jvmlp9hoMHbOmAn6SHLFmS4R36p7OeGV12XGqw__2fIkdhl_NUM2H3WbipxE1IDbZTUmdhZ8tPm1OlEtsAbFVLVQ-bSefJ7j5QYS15KFPe731OcWViUaNMLAaKoZBAk8qFYqVAi42TGTW2ffuA2EIe7vUy2kdtoUqCO3Ox_n94ga5wvoQXbvO8_w/s498/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="497" data-original-width="498" height="399" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPd5Jvmlp9hoMHbOmAn6SHLFmS4R36p7OeGV12XGqw__2fIkdhl_NUM2H3WbipxE1IDbZTUmdhZ8tPm1OlEtsAbFVLVQ-bSefJ7j5QYS15KFPe731OcWViUaNMLAaKoZBAk8qFYqVAi42TGTW2ffuA2EIe7vUy2kdtoUqCO3Ox_n94ga5wvoQXbvO8_w/w400-h399/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">This year’s presentations will discuss not only the physical
paths, portages, and trade routes that traverse Pennsylvania’s mountains and
valleys, but also the less tangible and often hidden paths of the Underground
Railroad, a pathway to freedom traveled by many formerly enslaved peoples. Archaeology will be used as a tool to reveal
actual paths traveled by indigenous people over thousands of years; and how
those paths developed through time. These
Precontact footpaths and trails evolved into trade routes and eventually into many
of the roadways we use today.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj8YOIBLOq5qCzW7fzx-ftgp5oao2nnSl8yFRTLku8TwlkemhrGkT_UpazUJbrCgoQcoVB-hrAot234UAChuUI4U_AcOzWFNQz_H8h-aXe4jM1UDM8fGk94njmnsbMWRLvJ_F6nvNJZDO6tpYXvxZL-jNz9h2d2WKcFRfp4j2Cv4tl0gfyY76UJk2ojA/s1430/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="959" data-original-width="1430" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj8YOIBLOq5qCzW7fzx-ftgp5oao2nnSl8yFRTLku8TwlkemhrGkT_UpazUJbrCgoQcoVB-hrAot234UAChuUI4U_AcOzWFNQz_H8h-aXe4jM1UDM8fGk94njmnsbMWRLvJ_F6nvNJZDO6tpYXvxZL-jNz9h2d2WKcFRfp4j2Cv4tl0gfyY76UJk2ojA/w400-h269/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal">There will also be presentations at the Workshops discussing
how examining these many routes across Pennsylvania have aided in examining
settlement patterns from the Precontact period into the historic period. The untold
stories of marginalized people who discovered their heritage through discovery
and archaeology are sharing these often-unheard stories and preserving them for
future generations. By bringing these stories together the process creates a
tapestry of Pennsylvania’s collective heritage. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This program provides an opportunity to engage with scholars
who have researched these pathways, observe the use of lithics often traded
along these routes and to learn about the community preservation efforts of
formerly enslaved descendants. Unfortunately, the early registration period
has already closed, but walk-in registration is available at the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Street entrance <a href="http://statemuseumpa.org/" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: white;">The State Museum of Pennsylvania</span></span></a>
on Saturday beginning at 8:30 am. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <a href="http://statemuseumpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/ArchWrkshps-2022_03.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: white;">program</span></span></a>
is as follows:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">9:10 – 9:25 Janet Johnson, Acting Senior Curator of the
Section of Archaeology, The State Museum of Pennsylvania with opening remarks<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">9:30 – 10:00 Darrin Lowery PH.D. -<i>Trade, Migration, or
Both: Delmarva Adena-Hopewell</i><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">10:00 – 10:30 Andrew Myers, MA, RPA, Marienville Ranger
District. Allegheny National Forest -<i>The Search for the Ephemeral Feature
Type: A Look at Some Potential Native America Travel Routes on the Allegheny
Plateau. <o:p></o:p></i></p><p class="MsoNormal">10:30 – 11:00 Break<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">11:00 – 11:30 Chuck Williams, PH.D., RPA, Williams
Ecological, LLC. -<i>The Venango Path: History, Archaeology, and Environment<o:p></o:p></i></p><p class="MsoNormal">11:30 – 12:00 Kenneth Burkett, Executive Director, Jefferson
County History Center, Field Associate, Carnegie Museum – <i>“Over the Hump”:
Portages and Pathways into Western PA</i><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">12:00 – 1:30 Lunch<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">1:30 – 2:00 Matthew March, Education Director, Cumberland
County Historical Society -<i>The Underground Railroad through Cumberland
County<o:p></o:p></i></p><p class="MsoNormal">2:00 – 2:30 Carmen James, Mt. Tabor Preservation Project -<i>Mt.
Tabor AME Church Preservation</i><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">2:30 – 3:00 Break<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">3:00 – 3:30 Kate Peresolak, MA., RPA, Pennsylvania Outdoor
Corps (PAOC) Cultural Resources Crew (CRC) Leader, The Student Conservation
Association -<i>CCC Company 361-C, S-62 PA: Exploratory Archaeology at Penn
Roosevelt State Park<o:p></o:p></i></p><p class="MsoNormal">3:30 – 4:00 Panel Discussion, Questions and Discussion with
the presenters and Closing Remarks<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">4:00 – 4:45 Reception</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF6XoE6Pmxc0OCt1-L0RtH4Z6WjkTZu-WXvztLQTL7MzvJc7f3XtpVsKJnRjE_6df9x7ZHDora-RxINvA0dd40mLVjYtTTJ2sBTIPunBYJvCA6EQmVHV0n3ZOjE8hCWDcvmTsX2fkcj7N-DUpsnHpq3iG56JL0Y4A2EIGaEMko8zEaIKdT7hPE9SLvdQ/s1320/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="1320" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF6XoE6Pmxc0OCt1-L0RtH4Z6WjkTZu-WXvztLQTL7MzvJc7f3XtpVsKJnRjE_6df9x7ZHDora-RxINvA0dd40mLVjYtTTJ2sBTIPunBYJvCA6EQmVHV0n3ZOjE8hCWDcvmTsX2fkcj7N-DUpsnHpq3iG56JL0Y4A2EIGaEMko8zEaIKdT7hPE9SLvdQ/w400-h226/Picture3.png" width="400" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">In addition to the presentations, David Burke and James
Herbstritt, from the Section of Archaeology, will be available during the
breaks for artifact identification. Find
out what that ‘Whatsit’ really is or isn’t.
Noël
Strattan and Casey Hanson from the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO)
will also be available during the breaks to assist with recording archaeological
sites in PA-SHARE. Steve Nissly will
also be demonstrating and sharing his knowledge as an expert flint knapper with
attendees, as well as displaying examples of his talented craft.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNrVo7Q2CYMy5YsLP1X2FkVpyB3qa349vTW99sHZStBEcMF4mOdueLbaldp2As6-KCdHUHC9PsTAilTOAvj90cTpaX26I4_QkmHB9fDDn7ezggoEenef5WlW3SUGqwA67dVBy3sOvpY3vF8K-GYcvhaiP8yFWQzXtS0FgzW5IftO5l5kIcjnO0M01o7w/s1320/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1320" data-original-width="881" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNrVo7Q2CYMy5YsLP1X2FkVpyB3qa349vTW99sHZStBEcMF4mOdueLbaldp2As6-KCdHUHC9PsTAilTOAvj90cTpaX26I4_QkmHB9fDDn7ezggoEenef5WlW3SUGqwA67dVBy3sOvpY3vF8K-GYcvhaiP8yFWQzXtS0FgzW5IftO5l5kIcjnO0M01o7w/w268-h400/Picture4.png" width="268" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal">Immediately following the presentation there will be a panel
discussion and a participatory question-and-answer session with the
presenters. The day will conclude with an
informal reception including light snacks and a chance to socialize with others
interested in Pennsylvania’s past.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For additional information, please <a href="http://statemuseumpa.org/workshopsinarchaeology/" target="_blank">check out the link</a> at The
State Museum of Pennsylvania’s website. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><br /></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-85597089048285502682022-10-11T14:27:00.001-04:002022-10-11T14:27:27.941-04:00Avocational Archaeologists and Upper Delaware Valley Woodland Pottery<div>In This Week in Pennsylvania Archaeology (TWIPA) blog we are revisiting the “Pots of the Past” series by showcasing some of the Precontact Woodland period pottery vessels that were recovered from the Upper Delaware Valley by Bill Leiser, Fred Assmus, and Dave Werner Sr. These gentlemen were avocational archaeologists with the Lenape Chapter 12, Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology, Inc. Their artifact collections, accumulated over many years (Werner 1972), were donated to the State Museum of Pennsylvania and New Jersey State Museum in 2019, 2014 and 2004. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCg0S33JzfUdjNURHKGbB5Ypv-NcWqmyjG1jMJdHRs8RNhB1ggr_RxF18o90FzwhMaw7LbONu1NKJ3OMghwE_Gma6ymrN8mnU3GqnyBQbgf027KVX93t208muyPymiK2EVteYB5a-XvpYnlCZFNL1HlTjauzjtUaQ_tyZ0VPSmS8XATVbUqSe3uMU-vA/s1100/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1100" data-original-width="763" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCg0S33JzfUdjNURHKGbB5Ypv-NcWqmyjG1jMJdHRs8RNhB1ggr_RxF18o90FzwhMaw7LbONu1NKJ3OMghwE_Gma6ymrN8mnU3GqnyBQbgf027KVX93t208muyPymiK2EVteYB5a-XvpYnlCZFNL1HlTjauzjtUaQ_tyZ0VPSmS8XATVbUqSe3uMU-vA/w278-h400/Picture1.png" width="278" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Image from Archaeology in the Upper Delaware Valley. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>Since the 1960’s, many of the later Precontact Woodland period sites within the Delaware River valley have been impacted by commercial development and farming. Most of these sites were located between Port Jervis, New York and the Delaware Water Gap, a river distance of nearly forty miles. Additionally, some of these locations are now preserved by the Federal government as the Tocks Island Natural Recreation Area. Viewed from a research perspective, Precontact Woodland pottery from these archaeological collections become quite important. The Delaware Valley was the principal corridor where the camps and villages of Indigenous people lived and were the places where their objects were lost or discarded. Later, during our nation’s colonial period this segment of the Delaware was the wayward pathway between strategic points of the valley from Fort Hunter, New York (erected in 1711-12) in the Mohawk Valley and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Wallace 1971). Two overland paths: the Lackawanna and the Minisink, located north of the “Great Swamp”, linked this stretch of the Delaware River with the North Branch of the Susquehanna River (Evans 1755). These overland routes form a triangular-shaped corridor that Indigenous people, and later, Europeans, used to gain access to other parts of the Northeast west of the main Delaware Valley. So, having established a general environmental, archaeological, and historical back drop of the region let us now direct our attention to the images of Precontact Woodland pottery from these most interesting avocational collections. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFMT_Fsg69927itJZH8eCvssRNmXC2kldKRbgSfWYw6gmLXSthmWl42mRgBp2NqdI22zORzRdh6W0U06BCmz4pqU6PLu3a6hvoG1WfNutiaBF3UeZmICvC4rvHu4XNclh9OnZSq-hT_yiIwb7myVuXNkOljiNxSBKfQ4PZp70To434haPs_lPBSNpeeg/s480/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="480" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFMT_Fsg69927itJZH8eCvssRNmXC2kldKRbgSfWYw6gmLXSthmWl42mRgBp2NqdI22zORzRdh6W0U06BCmz4pqU6PLu3a6hvoG1WfNutiaBF3UeZmICvC4rvHu4XNclh9OnZSq-hT_yiIwb7myVuXNkOljiNxSBKfQ4PZp70To434haPs_lPBSNpeeg/w400-h290/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><i>Wallace’s Indian Paths of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania
Historical and Museum Commission<o:p></o:p></i></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>To begin, classification in any analysis is a procedure that requires researching older publications, reviewing the current literature, and by analyzing the actual archaeological specimens. Assigned typologies of the pottery featured in this blog were completed years ago by archaeologists (Kinsey 1972; Kraft 2001; Lenig 1965; MacNeish 1952). In our case, we present these pottery types using the terminology of the day when “groups” or “series” categories were used to analyze Precontact Woodland ceramics. A general chronology, based on radiocarbon dating when and where applicable, and the cross-comparison of decorations and form of each pottery type is also provided based on more recent investigation in the northeastern United States. We should, mention that there are other pottery types and their associated variants that exist from Upper Delaware Valley pottery collections, however, they are considered minority types that could be used for future TWIPA blog submissions. </div><div><br /></div><div>The <i>Owasco series </i>or <i>Pahaquarra phase</i> (Kraft 1975) is the earliest beginning circa AD. 900 and lasting to circa 1300 (~1100- 700 years ago). Owasco pottery has a wide distribution in the Northeast and parts of the Middle Atlantic area. It is most common, however, in northern Pennsylvania/New Jersey and southern New York. The <i>Intermediate series called the Oak Hill phase</i> is considered a “transitional” pottery phase that began circa AD. 1300 with ancestral roots in Owasco and ended circa 1400. It also overlaps with the area defined for Owasco though many examples are found geographically as far south as the Overpeck site on the middle Delaware and the early Shenks Ferry Blue Rock phase sites in the Lower Susquehanna valley. The end of the precontact Woodland pottery sequence in the Upper Delaware is characterized by the <i>Tribal series called the Minisink phase from AD. 1400-1650</i>. During the mid-years of the Minisink phase (circa AD. 1520 -1575) European trade goods filtered into the Upper Delaware Valley from the Atlantic coast, marking the early years of the Contact period in this region. During this period of Indigenous occupation in the Upper Delaware Valley, temporally distinct pottery variants of the Lenape Delaware culture overlap at some of the archaeological sites elsewhere. These variants have been traced northward into the headwaters of New Jersey and New York’s Hudson Valley. This phenomenon suggests that an unmeasured level of social interaction developed among Algonquin and Iroquoian groups living there (Brumbach 1975). In like manner, some of these late-stage pottery types spread into the pre-contact North Branch valley sites of the Susquehanna where they shared ancestral links with the Cayuga and Susquehannock tribes (Herbstritt 2020; Kent 1984). </div><div><br /></div><div><div><b><u>Precontact Woodland Pottery Vessels from the Leiser, Assmus and Werner Collections</u></b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>Early Stage - Owasco series (Pahaquarra phase)</b></div><div><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> <span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> (Levanna Cord-on-Cord)</div><div> (Sackett Corded)</div><div><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Castle Creek Punctate collarless variety)</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Middle Stage - Intermediate series (Oak Hill Phase)</b></div><div><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>(Owasco Corded Collar)</div><div> (Kelso Corded)</div><div><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span> (Oak Hill Corded)</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Late Stage - Tribal series (Minisink phase)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b></div><div> (Chance incised)</div><div> (Durfee Underlined)</div><div> (Garoga Incised)</div><div> (Munsee Incised)</div></div><div><br /></div><div>We hope that you have enjoyed this journey through time that featured examples of some of the major precontact Woodland pottery vessels from the Leiser, Assmus and Werner collections. Building upon these typologies for identifying pottery types is a tool for archaeologists in tracing these culture groups and their activities across the landscape. Examining the variations of these pottery types and working with other researchers and indigenous groups, offers a more complete picture of the significance of Precontact pottery to these cultures.</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjowNBJpsGU-SSk0iYRIsOamWhkem_ndCfZWe_AsiVsWfCxQprkTica_Ui3nvTiHD6Ds6jvXkxSrFmdqJggF9TwuKrNHV2YdPgJY6_LXiEpWDWW6e00S6CBEwKXpxxKDkPepUnDEQb4UVKitqENw60w6mbNv-zrU5yZ9eD8pdMkzMigO3FaYl7zOjoq7Q/s1186/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="937" data-original-width="1186" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjowNBJpsGU-SSk0iYRIsOamWhkem_ndCfZWe_AsiVsWfCxQprkTica_Ui3nvTiHD6Ds6jvXkxSrFmdqJggF9TwuKrNHV2YdPgJY6_LXiEpWDWW6e00S6CBEwKXpxxKDkPepUnDEQb4UVKitqENw60w6mbNv-zrU5yZ9eD8pdMkzMigO3FaYl7zOjoq7Q/w400-h316/Picture3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Levanna Cord-on-Cord, Early Stage - The State Museum of Pennsylvania </i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><br /><br /><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVrifwAv3KyMEoe3eBNKW5ui2K5dBobjZhppugffntpdb8WYh3ZFJ5eTa-tWh8Rsjb0oVKmKhRFfb8yBSKBoEq47tU9NYObD4qrDQshU5_hcPTd9wPLQ8fvHmTDCKGoV0D_2GnI_ns_hOSm5jdVlUabhxfA-rXbME45bysGc0hyYFMy542vjy4NC5A0Q/s1171/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1171" data-original-width="933" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVrifwAv3KyMEoe3eBNKW5ui2K5dBobjZhppugffntpdb8WYh3ZFJ5eTa-tWh8Rsjb0oVKmKhRFfb8yBSKBoEq47tU9NYObD4qrDQshU5_hcPTd9wPLQ8fvHmTDCKGoV0D_2GnI_ns_hOSm5jdVlUabhxfA-rXbME45bysGc0hyYFMy542vjy4NC5A0Q/w319-h400/Picture4.png" width="319" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Sackett Corded, Early Stage - The State Museum of Pennsylvania</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div><br /></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr6xGkNSuXW6wBPnK49l2XRLTtkGpyRMJ_mTOKYVhEm68W2WQoiBH1RYB_SPTWKgrvXY-Hbp27v28tuUsjPPiseJjVHl--71J1iVZfdFVvjfZTzLr_6un0Fzk9ZKB-fLBlugvFo2iH9ujijAnKjfQPC0UeXVUTzBuP6_IZqNm6Oj94sjLYV2PhuTarbQ/s623/Picture5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="585" data-original-width="623" height="375" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr6xGkNSuXW6wBPnK49l2XRLTtkGpyRMJ_mTOKYVhEm68W2WQoiBH1RYB_SPTWKgrvXY-Hbp27v28tuUsjPPiseJjVHl--71J1iVZfdFVvjfZTzLr_6un0Fzk9ZKB-fLBlugvFo2iH9ujijAnKjfQPC0UeXVUTzBuP6_IZqNm6Oj94sjLYV2PhuTarbQ/w400-h375/Picture5.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Carpenter Brook Cord-on-Cord - The State Museum of Pennsylvania</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><br /><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8XjO5HMeaspau7qMMpVkxc4BpjBgYu2BU5yEvZxjrlqYxOprz2DqIxJDWPFQdI8IPJJ8njkyN1M2PNvrvTYdEI6UDmQ3fclloLAfvOe9A50VjNfADxYx6halQudoAP1hDj-juDcNKXabsde7Wmj7H8tjclf77CmvgUMAs4yPlIjarhyOgDTMZ0mZO-w/s1409/Picture6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1409" data-original-width="1163" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8XjO5HMeaspau7qMMpVkxc4BpjBgYu2BU5yEvZxjrlqYxOprz2DqIxJDWPFQdI8IPJJ8njkyN1M2PNvrvTYdEI6UDmQ3fclloLAfvOe9A50VjNfADxYx6halQudoAP1hDj-juDcNKXabsde7Wmj7H8tjclf77CmvgUMAs4yPlIjarhyOgDTMZ0mZO-w/w330-h400/Picture6.png" width="330" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Castle Creek Punctate, Early Stage - The State Museum of Pennsylvania</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiflLRTBjU72T8zSTUw_ohK5PUXgV4V2EdOoOX1sKRwWUAIZ5tz6h7K6JkGn_pFF0VH0kKarCKZpqLZa8qwHnng7t33rGbR9gQj0HnhqFXa2ef-na2Ve_Pj_FHSyClXYVO33Yl9lSFvAYFZPi2zvesQtQI-VMfEJ0kCfnSrTQ_MGl-ppJXAdpqkL_1Btw/s842/Picture7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="842" data-original-width="842" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiflLRTBjU72T8zSTUw_ohK5PUXgV4V2EdOoOX1sKRwWUAIZ5tz6h7K6JkGn_pFF0VH0kKarCKZpqLZa8qwHnng7t33rGbR9gQj0HnhqFXa2ef-na2Ve_Pj_FHSyClXYVO33Yl9lSFvAYFZPi2zvesQtQI-VMfEJ0kCfnSrTQ_MGl-ppJXAdpqkL_1Btw/w400-h400/Picture7.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption"><i>Oak Hill Corded, Middle Stage - The State Museum of Pennsylvania<br /><br /></i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5z1LXadqn6reO8VsyrYQlnyNpazbU21lKjHc42WdyG3F64I7FtBVrCDcKFb-8M41LmJ9EHic6vykrl-i-8pZ65IzbUwFsYgc4vtw71zxjAX1nGnarML9pxdthqcNWzQkBL4b42XmU4IxLnDkhUmKipx1PHSMbzuYzVgiamZDJ5hChrET0vWY42HETZQ/s733/Picture8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="733" data-original-width="624" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5z1LXadqn6reO8VsyrYQlnyNpazbU21lKjHc42WdyG3F64I7FtBVrCDcKFb-8M41LmJ9EHic6vykrl-i-8pZ65IzbUwFsYgc4vtw71zxjAX1nGnarML9pxdthqcNWzQkBL4b42XmU4IxLnDkhUmKipx1PHSMbzuYzVgiamZDJ5hChrET0vWY42HETZQ/w340-h400/Picture8.png" width="340" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Kelso Corded, Middle Stage - The State Museum of Pennsylvania</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY7J3_73ubzbwH2hpsBF8i9TTOdiyk4PIJ6H6ixgSm_bsfJkQ3w3v0EAdIDJH6TTLC-BxIDVVRy3X91avwtuPp56NNIaq-bHTolBWK3OxD8gNKtrArZ35YY7QCbnRLEk8SbDVg0j1SrfV9btdeOB8QlpGJV59d7SzJYAXXhLLA5ZL__k-P3jqOZXM-kw/s1191/Picture9.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1176" data-original-width="1191" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY7J3_73ubzbwH2hpsBF8i9TTOdiyk4PIJ6H6ixgSm_bsfJkQ3w3v0EAdIDJH6TTLC-BxIDVVRy3X91avwtuPp56NNIaq-bHTolBWK3OxD8gNKtrArZ35YY7QCbnRLEk8SbDVg0j1SrfV9btdeOB8QlpGJV59d7SzJYAXXhLLA5ZL__k-P3jqOZXM-kw/w400-h395/Picture9.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Durfee Underlined, Late Stage - The State Museum of Pennsylvania</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGvCpRgnSf3GghOL_mP71vz1ZRO8ViNKN89hlN5UVnHg9La6_naW0IQW15osdqfzCCUVX0J9CV9U1wbXwL0mpOQwid0wZDLs8nBHPWY9MJKzCjeAOQ4nVNEdJRgldCt0ty9zwl-PABlZJwCua7gcIZmH88pEX8eTdnPEs5RuPL3SaY_spgxGEmPWLXnw/s732/Picture10.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="732" data-original-width="623" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGvCpRgnSf3GghOL_mP71vz1ZRO8ViNKN89hlN5UVnHg9La6_naW0IQW15osdqfzCCUVX0J9CV9U1wbXwL0mpOQwid0wZDLs8nBHPWY9MJKzCjeAOQ4nVNEdJRgldCt0ty9zwl-PABlZJwCua7gcIZmH88pEX8eTdnPEs5RuPL3SaY_spgxGEmPWLXnw/w340-h400/Picture10.png" width="340" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Garoga Incised, Late Stage - The State Museum of Pennsylvania</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2JzWqiV2UYkjsy8Ot_RGoQp6ThLpK8PES8l_4_XCmD6na2UDehr5fKQedIIelebj1xxWA_mFEEFQcOQ6OCg2DAsNMsaA8iUmc26X1F_6v56m0CO6hduRWhAxfORLDwxz67NTJ8h6QJtR-ukKtxZZ7MriVc83wBVQE2E9j7pj_UfkpqsjlUMQjopuwxQ/s542/Picture11.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="539" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2JzWqiV2UYkjsy8Ot_RGoQp6ThLpK8PES8l_4_XCmD6na2UDehr5fKQedIIelebj1xxWA_mFEEFQcOQ6OCg2DAsNMsaA8iUmc26X1F_6v56m0CO6hduRWhAxfORLDwxz67NTJ8h6QJtR-ukKtxZZ7MriVc83wBVQE2E9j7pj_UfkpqsjlUMQjopuwxQ/w398-h400/Picture11.png" width="398" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption"><i>Munsee Incised, Late Stage - The State Museum of Pennsylvania<br /><br /></i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">We invite you to visit with us
again when we present additional interesting topics on Pennsylvania
Archaeology. As a reminder, please take a moment to visit the <a href="https://www.paheritage.org/2022-annual-workshop-in-archaeology.html" target="_blank">PHMC web site</a> for registration and other information about the annual <b>Workshops
in Archaeology Program</b> that will be held at The State Museum of
Pennsylvania on October 29<a name="_Int_b4f9XgeP"><sup>th </sup>2022</a>. This year’s theme PATHWAYS TO
THE PAST will explore the various paths indigenous groups used to navigate
trade and exchange as well as the contributions archaeology has made in
discovering unknown stories of the past. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>References Cited<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Brumbach, Hettie J.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1975 “Iroquoian”
Ceramics in “Algonkian” Territory. <i>Man in the Northeast</i> 10: 17-28.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Evans, Lewis <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1755 <i>The
General Map of the Middle British Colonies in North America.</i> J. Almon,
London.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Herbstritt, James T.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">2020 The Late Woodland Period in the
Susquehanna and Northern Potomac Drainage Basins, Circa AD 1100-1575 In: <i>The
Archaeology of Native Americans in Pennsylvania</i>. Volume II. University of
Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Kent, Barry C. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">1984 Susquehanna’s Indians. <i>Anthropological
Series</i> No.6. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Kinsey, W. Fred III<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">1972 Archeology of the Upper Delaware Valley:
A Study of the Cultural Chronology of the Tocks Island Reservoir. <i>Anthropological
Series </i>Number 2. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Kraft, Herbert C.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">1975 <i>The Archaeology of the Tocks Island
Area</i>. Archaeological research Center <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">2001 <i>The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage:
10,000 BC to AD 2000</i>. Lenape Books <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Lenig, Donald<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">1965 The Oak Hill Horizon and its Relation to
the Development of the Five Nations Iroquois Culture. <i>Researches and
Transactions of the New York State Archaeological Association</i>, Vol. 15,
No.1 Buffalo.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">MacNeish, Richard S.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">1952 Iroquois Pottery Types: A Technique for
the Study of Iroquois Prehistory. <i>National Museum of Canada Bulletin </i>No.
124. Ottawa.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Wallace, Paul A.W. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1971 <i>Indian
Paths of Pennsylvania</i>. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
Harrisburg.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Werner, David J.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">1972 The Zimmerman Site 36-Pi-14. In: Archaeology
of the Upper Delaware Valley: A Study of the Cultural Chronology of the Tocks
Island Reservoir. <i>Anthropological Series</i> No.2. The Pennsylvania
Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.<o:p></o:p></p><div><br /></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-38934803672825857382022-09-23T09:55:00.000-04:002022-09-23T09:55:30.283-04:00Hearths, Stoves and Warm Fires<div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></p></div><div>It’s that time of year again when we pull out our favorite cozy sweaters, eat and drink a lot of pumpkin spice, and snuggle up in front of the fireplace; autumn is here. Just as we do now, people throughout time have used fires to warm themselves and their homes. Evidence of this human behavior is found in both Precontact and historic archaeological sites. On Precontact sites archaeologists find dark stains in the soil filled with charcoal and fire cracked rock remains in the ground. These stains, called features, are the remains of the cooking and heating fires left by Precontact peoples. On historic sites the artifacts that indicate the use of fire tend to be more substantial, including the remnants of the cast-iron wood-burning stoves, which have been a popular form of heating since the mid-1600’s (Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia 2021).</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOmyQ-Y7jeJSVcxqxeCDAYyeUdd5YuGR34jgOAAgNbsI-Qy5C1PzYJs5zv9eb108rjAKd3mTc-90sGR_b8jZyR3pNNleYO1r-NOSiSYSPlHC2RZUX3YnAYq1cTCWDM4FJdSXoswhQzEVl_HEprps_LK1BEASlDdMt67rqZRsy6NBF6_3-8IqLJCc05cQ/s573/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="573" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOmyQ-Y7jeJSVcxqxeCDAYyeUdd5YuGR34jgOAAgNbsI-Qy5C1PzYJs5zv9eb108rjAKd3mTc-90sGR_b8jZyR3pNNleYO1r-NOSiSYSPlHC2RZUX3YnAYq1cTCWDM4FJdSXoswhQzEVl_HEprps_LK1BEASlDdMt67rqZRsy6NBF6_3-8IqLJCc05cQ/w400-h300/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Image of hearth feature exposing fire cracked rock and charcoal at Ft Hunter (36DA0159), note the charcoal deposit inside red circle. Image from the collection of the State Museum of Pennsylvania.</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>Cast iron stoves were made from pouring molten cast iron into molds to make plates, which were then bolted together to form a box. In 1642, the first cast iron stove was produced in America, in Lynn Massachusetts (Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia 2021). These stoves were improved upon over time. By the 1740’s, multi-plated stoves were in production, six plate stoves were the beginning of developing a more efficient stove design. In 1744, Benjamin Franklin created the “Pennsylvania stove”, also known as the Franklin stove, a more efficient stove than the earlier forms. This stove allowed for more heat production in the home with less heat escaping with the smoke (Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia 2021; Harris, 2013). Following the Pennsylvania stove, the ten-plate stove was yet again more efficient and could burn both wood and coal (Harris 213). Stove plates were often highly decorated and provided information about the furnace where they were produced. Often, when stove remnants are found on an archaeological site it is the fragments of one of the plates, and with luck some of the decorations or text cast into the piece remain. One such stove plate can be found in The State Museum of Pennsylvania, Section of Archaeology’s collections. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm5riMoCQJjjvnMLfvHEgwOsvX_s1qXHUoloGjSdfV7b-143wsdKLxLwMNIVldaQ_MLpbA1jdmNwvuZaSayHiZK4FtPVLv1zrZtZVtgAMrKmSeD8-WWLteR-ySWsdJysLpH21ZFzZq2TlDjBXoEUbGdWEz7fkGaSxuNq3xI-NwFGQnAXocUuz7g8_6iw/s253/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="214" data-original-width="253" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm5riMoCQJjjvnMLfvHEgwOsvX_s1qXHUoloGjSdfV7b-143wsdKLxLwMNIVldaQ_MLpbA1jdmNwvuZaSayHiZK4FtPVLv1zrZtZVtgAMrKmSeD8-WWLteR-ySWsdJysLpH21ZFzZq2TlDjBXoEUbGdWEz7fkGaSxuNq3xI-NwFGQnAXocUuz7g8_6iw/w400-h338/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ten-plate
cast iron stoves. Image from the collections of the Hopewell Furnace. </span></i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>Excavated by The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission under the direction of the Section of Archaeology from Washington Crossing Historic Park at the <a href="https://www.washingtoncrossingpark.org/park/thompson-neely-grist-mill/" target="_blank">Thompson Neely Grist mill</a> site, 36Bu18. This stove plate was recovered in seven pieces from the stone foundation scattered inside and against the wall of the foundation, portions of it were missing. When placed together the sections of stove plate have an embossed design and text which reads, “DALE-FU and OTTS-1770.” As with many types of artifacts even the smallest bit of detail or information can help tell a story of that artifact and its creators’ history. In the case of these stove plate fragments the text present provides just enough information to deduce that this stove was produced at the Colebrookdale Furnace in 1770, during which time Thomas Potts Jr. was managing and proprietor of the furnace (Gemmell 1949; The Committee for Historical Research 1914). </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqmR5NLfvUs-8XnBW-SDsNZL4K8niFLPRSQQMqKIB405BCikfbEbObhkzExHoJHFk51KCcjf401JU5rhxI1w6EhGD1RT9K_LEBPtZB22CqDjXWF2KoEAmjhZqrkGd9H54H5BzFwrQi4TT8AR8lVjdA3JVzfFixeiwPBtHxuAOGSRzm-vzjHmJur0CGCw/s559/Picture8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="509" data-original-width="559" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqmR5NLfvUs-8XnBW-SDsNZL4K8niFLPRSQQMqKIB405BCikfbEbObhkzExHoJHFk51KCcjf401JU5rhxI1w6EhGD1RT9K_LEBPtZB22CqDjXWF2KoEAmjhZqrkGd9H54H5BzFwrQi4TT8AR8lVjdA3JVzfFixeiwPBtHxuAOGSRzm-vzjHmJur0CGCw/w400-h364/Picture8.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Stove plate fragments found at the Thompson Neely Sawmill site, 36Bu18. Image from the collection of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>Additional research of the furnace provided further insight into the significance of these fragments. In 1716, Thomas Rutter a blacksmith from England, built Rutter’s Forge, a bloomery forge, which made crude wrought iron from local ore. A few years later, around 1720, Thomas Rutter together with Thomas Potts and investors from Philadelphia built the first blast furnace in Pennsylvania, <a href="https://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-2A3" target="_blank">Colebrookdale Furnace</a>. Located on Iron Stone Creek in Berks County, it was purportedly named after the famous Coalbrookdale works in England. Historic records indicate that from the beginning Potts was the managing force of the Colebrookdale Furnace (Gemmell 1949; The Committee for Historical Research 1914). Colebrookdale Furnace was a typical pyramid shaped charcoal furnace with water powered bellows, which is why it and other furnaces of the era were located on creeks and rivers (Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission 2019).</div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinlUUhEXRqfT-cPX3GZloRWn5rw7PPwmepgZXRvkjnxEYVqWKBLG4UApwbIvYpfTTGWOijZFMeISSuEk3lM2iGW9Mo2Sqfn_aCgGHPZvebz-GesEz_5qj7285H7xG1jbb5pBsjRzuMy1mG5LzhsWa5xgGJBfUzLskxmpe_hMippTn4p5O8CVpxHeWNdg/s403/Picture6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="325" data-original-width="403" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinlUUhEXRqfT-cPX3GZloRWn5rw7PPwmepgZXRvkjnxEYVqWKBLG4UApwbIvYpfTTGWOijZFMeISSuEk3lM2iGW9Mo2Sqfn_aCgGHPZvebz-GesEz_5qj7285H7xG1jbb5pBsjRzuMy1mG5LzhsWa5xgGJBfUzLskxmpe_hMippTn4p5O8CVpxHeWNdg/w400-h323/Picture6.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Earlier Colebrookdale Furnace stove plate with furnace name and Thomas Rutter on the plate. Image from the collection of The State Museum of Pennsylvania, Community & Domestic Life. </i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>Together the Rutter and Potts families owned several furnace and forge facilities including Colebrookdale Furnace and Forge, Mount Pleasant Furnace and Forge, as well as Spring, Amity, Rutter’s, Pool, Pine, Little Pine and McCall’s Forges. Rutter died in March of 1730 making Potts the principal owner and manager of these businesses. Between 1729 through the mid-1760s Colebrookdale Furnace provided the pig iron to several other furnaces in the area and was a very active furnace from its start until the beginning of the American Revolution. Account ledgers for the furnace recorded the years of production and the number of pots and kettles produced there with many of the vessels going to the Quaker community in Berks County. The historic mill property from which this artifact was recovered served the surrounding communities and Philadelphia merchants. This trade allowed for the growth and expansion of the Thompson Neely House and family. Historic records indicate that William Neely had married Robert Thompson’s daughter in 1766 and was likely the proprietor at the time the stove plate was created.</div><div><div><br /></div><div>Thomas Potts died in 1752, leaving the Colebrookdale Furnace to his son Thomas Potts Jr. Eventually the furnace was no longer in use or in the Potts family as none of Thomas Potts Jr.’s children wanted it (Gemmell 1949; The Committee for Historical Research 1914). The Colebrookdale furnace was a highly successful iron furnace while in operation, especially during the time it was managed by the Potts and Rutter families. As the first blast furnace in Pennsylvania the, Colebrookdale Furnace made a significant contribution to the spread of the iron industry in central and eastern Pennsylvania. By 1775, the southeastern region of Pennsylvania contained the highest concentration of forges and furnaces in the country, contributing to our nation’s ability to gain independence from Britain since we were no longer dependent on English supply. </div><div><br /></div><div>We hope you have enjoyed this post in This Week in Pennsylvania Archaeology (TWIPA) as we examine how archaeologists can use limited details to uncover the history of an artifact and our archaeological heritage. Pennsylvania’s rich industrial heritage contributed to our growth as a Commonwealth. The workers who labored in these furnaces were skilled tradesmen from diverse backgrounds and are to be recognized for their contributions to the growth of our industrial record. You may have the chance to enjoy a nice warm fire this chilly autumn and if so, think about the long history of cast iron stoves and the prevalence of the Rutter and Potts families in Pennsylvania’s 18th-century iron industry. Broken stove plate fragments are a tool for archaeologists to examine the past and connect to the families who operated the furnace that produced this product and the families who purchased it. <a href="https://www.paheritage.org/2022-annual-workshop-in-archaeology.html" target="_blank"><i>Pathways to the Past</i></a> is the theme for this year’s Workshops in Archaeology scheduled for October 29th, 2022 at The State Museum of Pennsylvania we hope you will join us as we explore the trails, pathways and stories that connect us to our archaeological past. </div></div><div><br /></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><b>References: </b></p><p class="MsoNormal">Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopedia </p><p class="MsoNormal">2021<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>stove. Electronic Document. https://www.britannica.com/technology/stove. Accessed September 9, 2022.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Gemmell, Alfred</p><p class="MsoNormal">1949<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><i>The Charcoal Iron Industry in the Perkiomen Valley</i>. Hartenstine Printing House, Norristown, Pennsylvania. </p><div>Harris, Howell</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">2013 A Collection of Stoves from American Museums, I: Plate Stoves. A Stove Less Ordinary (blog). October 22. <a href="http://stovehistory.blogspot.com/2013/10/a-collection-of-stoves-metropolitan.html" target="_blank">http://stovehistory.blogspot.com/2013/10/a-collection-of-stoves-metropolitan.html</a>. Accessed September 9, 2022.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">National Park Service</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">2020 Cast Iron Stove Production at Hopewell Furnace. Electronic
Document. <a href="https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/cast-iron-stove-production.htm" target="_blank">https://www.nps.gov/hofu/learn/historyculture/cast-iron-stove-production.htm</a>.
Accessed September 9, 2022.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>Pennsylvania Historical and Museum
Commission</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">2019 Colebrookdale Furnace Historical Marker. Electronic Document. <a href="https://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-2A3" target="_blank">https://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-2A3</a>.
Accessed September 9, 2022. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p>The Committee on Historical Research</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">1914 <i>Forges and Furnaces in the Province of Pennsylvania, Prepared by the Committee on Historical Research</i>. Prepared for The Pennsylvania Society of the Colonial Dames of America. Philadelphia, Pa.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-37561082572519365142022-08-26T12:00:00.003-04:002022-08-26T16:23:41.415-04:00Small Project Results in Remarkable Find<div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><i>Recent additions to the
collections of the Section of Archaeology<o:p></o:p></i></p></div><div><br /></div><div>Artifact collections from development projects required to
undertake the Section 106 process continue to be submitted to the State Museum
of Pennsylvania’s Section of Archaeology for curation. The Archaeological
Services program at Indiana University of Pennsylvania recently delivered
artifact collections to the State Museum of PA, some dating to as far back as
the 1980s.</div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Avid readers of TWIPA may have observed that many of our
posts dealing with cultural resource management (CRM) projects are the product
of PennDoT construction activities. This week, we turn our attention to another
state agency that has conducted archaeological investigations prior to some of
its own proposed development. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For many Pennsylvanians, summertime is synonymous with on-the-water
recreation, be it fishing or floating, from innertubes to speedboats, and
ensuring safe access to the water is critical to making the most of this
important resource. To that end, in the early 1990s the Pennsylvania Fish and
Boat Commission (PFBC) proposed expanding parking at three of its boat launches
along the Juniata River in Juniata County and one farther west in Huntingdon
County. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">The PFBC (like all state agencies) is, under the <a href="https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/LI/consCheck.cfm?txtType=HTM&ttl=37" target="_blank">StateHistory Code</a>, obligated to identify and evaluate cultural resources that
may be impacted by their construction activities. In 1994 the PFBC employed
Indiana University of Pennsylvania’s Archaeological Services Program to conduct
Phase I archaeological surveys at each of the areas under consideration for
expanded parking. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">In short, two of the four access sites, the Mifflintown
Access and the Thompsontown Access were identified as having intact archaeological
deposits that were recommended to undergo Phase II evaluation should the parking
expansion projects proceed. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">The Phase I survey Mifflintown Access site (36JU0099)
specifically, involved the excavation of two 1x1m units. Chert, sandstone and <a href="http://twipa.blogspot.com/2020/08/uncovering-what-metarhyolite-quarries.html" target="_blank">metarhyolite</a>
debitage as well as a contracting stem projectile point of metarhyolite were
recovered from excavation unit A-1 before groundwater forced it to be abandoned
at approximately 140 cm below ground surface. <o:p></o:p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiALlQX68IJiuIi-gVhTDJlY2x7dHgW7nymfDXWET9l5JNb40NScrYZ7DAuC-bC0CjOZQZrj273S_PNfX9c-Jjt2H7G80mQpQKftkt9p825naY9r_KudWoya2L6e8t6wksa9uuAKjjUihrH2oc4cJ0UtcrXgGmxDVkh028zqt4IYgpkuDGL6VVOguCUWQ/s1430/Picture1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="953" data-original-width="1430" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiALlQX68IJiuIi-gVhTDJlY2x7dHgW7nymfDXWET9l5JNb40NScrYZ7DAuC-bC0CjOZQZrj273S_PNfX9c-Jjt2H7G80mQpQKftkt9p825naY9r_KudWoya2L6e8t6wksa9uuAKjjUihrH2oc4cJ0UtcrXgGmxDVkh028zqt4IYgpkuDGL6VVOguCUWQ/w400-h266/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal"><i>Metarhyolite contracting stem point from 36JU0099,
excavation unit A1, image from the collections of The State Museum of
Pennsylvania<o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">Excavation unit A-2 produced additional debitage in modest
quantities, but the most impressive find would be this unfinished stone axe
pictured below. The report authors determined the projectile point and chipped stone
axe to be consistent with the Late Archaic through Middle Woodland time
periods.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNRG77X07Qul9vECKvhKcVwQ_IwPokDV7UDnHq2k-svl9ddZ6zVDpY9_uWUh82CcUC1p9mIzHsVyejxx-dbdd5-MmjW_zR0sU8Z4p7oo3GX1IaFPYyiZ38rqFrKqT3qRdtV0Msb3B5DyjMm8B67TWcxUzOEgrMtqMtYvYn04o0OFU0GlkQLKfdfVohXw/s1430/Picture2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="953" data-original-width="1430" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNRG77X07Qul9vECKvhKcVwQ_IwPokDV7UDnHq2k-svl9ddZ6zVDpY9_uWUh82CcUC1p9mIzHsVyejxx-dbdd5-MmjW_zR0sU8Z4p7oo3GX1IaFPYyiZ38rqFrKqT3qRdtV0Msb3B5DyjMm8B67TWcxUzOEgrMtqMtYvYn04o0OFU0GlkQLKfdfVohXw/w400-h266/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal"><i>Unfinished, pecked and chipped ¾ grooved axe (5.6 lbs, 11
inches long) – side A, recovered from
the buried A horizon of excavation unit A2, 36JU0099. Image from the collection
of The State Museum of Pennsylvania<o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSt7B0E6RKeAm6vL_C61MQEsg6WIfMbSGRwTDg9tKG7zBbk6_md__FgVHfl71zlV-4vnU8kDTfOFFDlkGslnffVtdW7I3el8i7woHbWo2XeGX78VsMxj5sMMPrw0g8-wq_7Z2JDhcZROcPJ3wTVpsxbS9KbSQRzXPyRDO6Wfvx4L5DmglG5WG4ZPelvw/s1430/Picture3.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="953" data-original-width="1430" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSt7B0E6RKeAm6vL_C61MQEsg6WIfMbSGRwTDg9tKG7zBbk6_md__FgVHfl71zlV-4vnU8kDTfOFFDlkGslnffVtdW7I3el8i7woHbWo2XeGX78VsMxj5sMMPrw0g8-wq_7Z2JDhcZROcPJ3wTVpsxbS9KbSQRzXPyRDO6Wfvx4L5DmglG5WG4ZPelvw/w400-h266/Picture3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal"><i>Unfinished, pecked and chipped ¾ grooved axe (5.6 lbs, 11
inches long) – side B, recovered from the buried A horizon of excavation unit
A2. Image from the collection of The State Museum of Pennsylvania<o:p></o:p></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">The addition of this large specimen to the curated artifacts
at the State Museum is especially fortuitous in that it was received after the
design and printing of this year’s Archaeology Month poster<a href="file:///C:/Users/janjohnson/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/X09W0X8Z/Society%20for%20Pennsylvania%20Archaeology" target="_blank">
“The Mighty Axe” </a>. TWIPA has also
gone in depth on the axe as an artifact type, and those posts can be found <a href="file:///C:/Users/janjohnson/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/X09W0X8Z/This%20Week%20In%20Pennsylvania%20Archaeology:%20Groovin'%20with%20stone%20axes%20(twipa.blogspot.com)" target="_blank">here</a>,
and <a href="file:///C:/Users/janjohnson/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/X09W0X8Z/This%20Week%20In%20Pennsylvania%20Archaeology:%20Analyzing%20Stone%20Axes%20(twipa.blogspot.com)" target="_blank">here</a>. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2aR7BnsURxseMigPgYE_NWfX8dGS3VCFU_ArPgNzu-MAKFlT8Nf4wSq2XE1xFVaA3oUAJbuhLrR8LoCe2syq1zFK3H_KEAStW_GdIEOrOCRPFd8JXtVzx9Dd-eGHlmWFNxy0B9CF8MT6VR75mOAyjRmyKmO1QADI11h1CUcaYJkP-i_sVhKS56APn3g/s624/Picture4.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="412" data-original-width="624" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2aR7BnsURxseMigPgYE_NWfX8dGS3VCFU_ArPgNzu-MAKFlT8Nf4wSq2XE1xFVaA3oUAJbuhLrR8LoCe2syq1zFK3H_KEAStW_GdIEOrOCRPFd8JXtVzx9Dd-eGHlmWFNxy0B9CF8MT6VR75mOAyjRmyKmO1QADI11h1CUcaYJkP-i_sVhKS56APn3g/w400-h264/Picture4.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal">In comparing project maps with available Google satellite
images, it appears that the PFBC has forgone, or at least has postponed,
ambitions to expand the parking lots at the Mifflintown and Thompsontown boat
launches. New and potentially important cultural resources were discovered
because of this survey work, and the sites continue to remain undeveloped for
future investigations.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Looking ahead – October is Archaeology Month, and the annual
<a href="file:///C:/Users/janjohnson/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/X09W0X8Z/Workshops%20in%20ArchaeologyThe%20State%20Museum%20of%20Pennsylvania%20(statemuseumpa.org)" target="_blank">Workshops in Archaeology</a> program will be here before you know it. To check out additional information on stone
tools from the Section of Archaeology, visit the <a href="https://www.phmc.pa.gov/Museums/Online-Collection/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">on-linecollection data</a> of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Reference:</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Koetje, Todd A.; Tracy Johnston<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">1998 - <i>Report of the Phase I Archaeological
Survey for the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission </i><i>Juniata River Access Projects Huntingdon and Juniata
Counties, PA</i> (manuscript on file Section of Archaeology, The State Museum
of Pennsylvania)</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 32.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 32.25pt;"><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-33119111250892834512022-08-12T17:02:00.002-04:002022-08-12T17:02:34.889-04:00New Market Site Ceramics - A Philadelphia Discovery <div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For the last several weeks, our blog posts have
focused on the 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary of Tropical Storm Agnes and its
impact on archaeological sites and cultural resources in Pennsylvania. This
week, we would like to turn back to happier subjects and have a look at some of
the beautiful ceramic vessels from a site discovered in the city of
Philadelphia. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In the 1970s, construction of portions of I-95 and urban
redevelopment projects occurred in the oldest sections of the city near the
waterfront, prompting archaeological investigations in the areas that would be
affected by demolition and construction activities. Several new historic
archaeological sites were discovered as a result of these investigations,
including the New Market site, 36PH0015. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In the 18<sup>th</sup> century, the public market,
consisting of a row of covered shed stalls, ran along the middle of Second
Street between Pine and South streets. The area surrounding the market was
marked by the homes of the wealthy and influential. Thousands of artifacts
recovered from excavations in this area yielded information on the diet,
lifestyle, and economic status of the people who once lived and worked
there. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Some of these artifacts went on display in
Philadelphia as part of the collections of the Atwater Kent Museum; however,
after a time the collection was put into storage in the city. While in storage,
the boxes of artifacts were damaged by water and vandalism and many objects ended
up being dumped from their original boxes and bags, losing their context or
connection to the original site. They were later donated to The State Museum of
Pennsylvania, where they are currently curated. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpi02EcAbrSLaLc3TP7HzUNhqTqxdQoely4xBeKDeyZkmAx_mTPGDwLMEbteZRoP3A-7U31cSY3LkPfTwBxXocx4jTnxyF1xfWG3RS16hNTIuGlGQll78_2xQVFgy20MDhP73mjZW7tFHIsueYFYKJ0eHWLtccDcJLBJ4hh1zUtsXemGiLapCYdzayBw/s1198/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1198" data-original-width="858" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpi02EcAbrSLaLc3TP7HzUNhqTqxdQoely4xBeKDeyZkmAx_mTPGDwLMEbteZRoP3A-7U31cSY3LkPfTwBxXocx4jTnxyF1xfWG3RS16hNTIuGlGQll78_2xQVFgy20MDhP73mjZW7tFHIsueYFYKJ0eHWLtccDcJLBJ4hh1zUtsXemGiLapCYdzayBw/w286-h400/Picture1.png" width="286" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Map of the City of Philadelphia c. 1802 Showing the Early City and Delaware River Waterfront (public domain) </i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">During the early years of settlement of the city of
Philadelphia, most of the ceramics that people used were imported from Britain
or Europe. A popular type of ceramic that was introduced to Europe in the 16</span><sup style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">
century was porcelain from China. English attempts to reproduce Chinese
porcelain in the early to mid-1700s were unsuccessful but resulted in new types
of ceramics, including tin-glazed earthenware and salt-glazed stoneware.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Many types of ceramics were recovered from Site
36PH0015 including lovely, delicate tea and table wares made of salt-glazed
stoneware. These wares are marked by thin vessel walls and an orange-peel-like
surface appearance and were very popular in the 18<sup>th</sup> century. Other examples of scratch blue (and black)
decorated salt-glazed stoneware have geometric or floral designs etched into
the vessel body.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ-9lcfo1-liFi3vYC-wluxX8HrYjMoH0bvnDWgJQ9zhh1Mt4cjfTQXBm7gRQAzHCgQeWHpo0PJg8aM3ZcjuBf9k503CBBL5ySuZ4OhLbc9Roto0CsuedIKb4N1aZWT4qGvmLSxMyYguYxctFpbzfLdpiwIPK7zOFtWLELc9D9Sy3_aYolO2mNozc1Fw/s1264/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="846" data-original-width="1264" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ-9lcfo1-liFi3vYC-wluxX8HrYjMoH0bvnDWgJQ9zhh1Mt4cjfTQXBm7gRQAzHCgQeWHpo0PJg8aM3ZcjuBf9k503CBBL5ySuZ4OhLbc9Roto0CsuedIKb4N1aZWT4qGvmLSxMyYguYxctFpbzfLdpiwIPK7zOFtWLELc9D9Sy3_aYolO2mNozc1Fw/w400-h268/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Examples
of Delicate Salt-glazed Stoneware Tea and Table Wares from 36PH0015 <a name="_Hlk110520576">(photo by PHMC)<o:p></o:p></a></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibl4PdjEiyG1r1a8vVO0RuW00uCPyf1b6OXspgjA9zKrphvyBkyIUB28GTcGIHokcRwjkS8DRsb3cVKGsbq29xjc0xX6BEEhK9sBL4yHqDOw-zuETIcfU1x0yK5NaT1RasTSAJfjvQgrL_YeQuuxbyWz1oNpY_9IWcOs3gCjj_fGy8CYHrQ_ftIC7d3g/s1264/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="846" data-original-width="1264" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibl4PdjEiyG1r1a8vVO0RuW00uCPyf1b6OXspgjA9zKrphvyBkyIUB28GTcGIHokcRwjkS8DRsb3cVKGsbq29xjc0xX6BEEhK9sBL4yHqDOw-zuETIcfU1x0yK5NaT1RasTSAJfjvQgrL_YeQuuxbyWz1oNpY_9IWcOs3gCjj_fGy8CYHrQ_ftIC7d3g/w400-h268/Picture3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Examples
of Floral Designs in Scratch Blue and Black Salt-glazed Stoneware from 36PH0015
(photo by PHMC) </span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Another common type of ceramic found at site 36PH0015 was
red earthenware or redware, so-called due to its red color. Redware has been
made for centuries and continues to be produced to this day. Although the first
redware would have been brought to Philadelphia from England and Europe, local
potteries were soon established. Clay sources were discovered within the city
itself that were used for manufacture of bricks and for making redware pottery.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">These large redware serving plates, or chargers, are typically
highly decorated. Decorative elements on these chargers include colored glazes
and slips, combed slips, and depictions of figures, animals, and flowers, as
well as geometric designs.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLzMO_jXES2Ba7W2FLr6reVPSO7UkEW10T3fRxjOy7eizXF__zi8v68_J7aCAaafzbDsT5_sx_mPiH42IG4pEBPi58Kd65FuuywqJphMEE5i7oBQCr8pEpjElDMgiVitK3tEw8EMbRTSJJf6CrdK0lSg1o5HJ7JMXcaTAcXAIiFFSByz_kZq7oshqBBw/s1297/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="868" data-original-width="1297" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLzMO_jXES2Ba7W2FLr6reVPSO7UkEW10T3fRxjOy7eizXF__zi8v68_J7aCAaafzbDsT5_sx_mPiH42IG4pEBPi58Kd65FuuywqJphMEE5i7oBQCr8pEpjElDMgiVitK3tEw8EMbRTSJJf6CrdK0lSg1o5HJ7JMXcaTAcXAIiFFSByz_kZq7oshqBBw/w400-h268/Picture4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Decorative
Redware Chargers from Site 36PH0015. Charger at Left Displays a Horse and Rider
Scene (photo by PHMC)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDqOpGxIAjjUYspdb8Sp540R3nL40wOxxu_3Ky9zzpW5IrNrYdLVzmBF7f_NZoxI_d-mmGwfSjm2dhrD-dWW84OffDR7-eB6KWSr8kxoedsPYHjOp1dDqNNBUq9K5XGp9rBY1EKLjEQdb45VuwRBL2PaXhIfnKBedzNwLhnKb_T9z2soRdcmk4xp3fEQ/s1297/Picture5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="868" data-original-width="1297" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDqOpGxIAjjUYspdb8Sp540R3nL40wOxxu_3Ky9zzpW5IrNrYdLVzmBF7f_NZoxI_d-mmGwfSjm2dhrD-dWW84OffDR7-eB6KWSr8kxoedsPYHjOp1dDqNNBUq9K5XGp9rBY1EKLjEQdb45VuwRBL2PaXhIfnKBedzNwLhnKb_T9z2soRdcmk4xp3fEQ/w400-h268/Picture5.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Decorative
Redware Chargers from Site 36PH0015 (photo by PHMC)</span></i></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Other forms of decorative ceramics from 36PH0015 include
bowls, candlestick holders, figurines, mugs, pitchers, chamberpots, and other
objects. A lovely polychrome painted redware bowl in the collection may be an
example of work from 18</span><sup style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">-century Moravian potters.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHYMAopykXwAOHJl3IsFKGlt_HzCTR2TJtRW4D1g03qrQAIZ6R7wG3p8QClUYt3foNSA_1N1VsTag8LmA1Bu5yB1t5P6ivWaEX7InH0ilikhj18306KUVxuQ-RIDYZFllyH7pIS1mrte4Te5rBMyG71JyWf5QhtqOpGcidjePM5h2wiVeUBa2gLq-xgQ/s1297/Picture6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="868" data-original-width="1297" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHYMAopykXwAOHJl3IsFKGlt_HzCTR2TJtRW4D1g03qrQAIZ6R7wG3p8QClUYt3foNSA_1N1VsTag8LmA1Bu5yB1t5P6ivWaEX7InH0ilikhj18306KUVxuQ-RIDYZFllyH7pIS1mrte4Te5rBMyG71JyWf5QhtqOpGcidjePM5h2wiVeUBa2gLq-xgQ/w400-h268/Picture6.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Decorated
Redware Bowl, Staffordshire Candlestick Holder, and Polychrome Painted Redware
Bowl (photo by PHMC)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Other objects are more utilitarian and less decorative,
including these three small glazed redware pieces. The small size of the mug
indicates that it may have been for a child.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgon_2-9eVflq4v8SJRMhEDdsKyU74kUkm49iG15QPc0Pe0ixCXOZ8gKDeFRg9PyhSQIBtq_wXr6Vy7iaS4g514_Aw7iVhA3OIvWdKZStN-BM1BDa_oum93O2PC__uCBAqdMqZZ5lUZpAt2Yn32ot0C6cWoFkK4J-kudAf0jsbGVsBmLGzOdo1DAAZGpw/s1297/Picture7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="868" data-original-width="1297" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgon_2-9eVflq4v8SJRMhEDdsKyU74kUkm49iG15QPc0Pe0ixCXOZ8gKDeFRg9PyhSQIBtq_wXr6Vy7iaS4g514_Aw7iVhA3OIvWdKZStN-BM1BDa_oum93O2PC__uCBAqdMqZZ5lUZpAt2Yn32ot0C6cWoFkK4J-kudAf0jsbGVsBmLGzOdo1DAAZGpw/w400-h268/Picture7.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Small
Redware Jugs and Mug (photo by PHMC)</span></i></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dishes, mugs, and cups often featured bright colors
and whimsical designs such as the creamware pieces pictured below. Popular
designs included using metallic oxides to make ‘clouded’ and ‘tortoiseshell’
color palettes and fruit and vegetable shapes such as the melon tureen and
cauliflower-shaped teacup. Creamware was highly fashionable at the turn of the
19</span><sup style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> century and wealthy Philadelphians would have bought these
flashy and unique ceramics to keep up with trends.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt0VO-KqEp-Jr0_-GrbxeC0-uVHOdB_WH5GsmDUWd71r6eWHodKMHOtOTkQGn17sCL1UTiAngBN3uXLKLstNirwSTB_qlyFDI_dLvYyFsv3Dwz1rYCf1WYu2tnxwwxj2nQBgWr4SHVI8Wl5AdvrwCuSETVXHm8L1mRvG5pM4AHy9xUaMTLQxYZMR-oTA/s1330/Picture8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="890" data-original-width="1330" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt0VO-KqEp-Jr0_-GrbxeC0-uVHOdB_WH5GsmDUWd71r6eWHodKMHOtOTkQGn17sCL1UTiAngBN3uXLKLstNirwSTB_qlyFDI_dLvYyFsv3Dwz1rYCf1WYu2tnxwwxj2nQBgWr4SHVI8Wl5AdvrwCuSETVXHm8L1mRvG5pM4AHy9xUaMTLQxYZMR-oTA/w400-h268/Picture8.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Examples
of Decorative Creamware: Wieldonware Plate, Stylized Sprig-molded Melon Tureen
Lid, Cauliflower Teacup, and Striped Teacup (photo by PHMC)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">These are just a few of the many different types of
ceramics that were recovered during excavations at this site. Due to the number
of archaeological projects and recorded sites in Philadelphia, there are also
many other site collections that contain these types of ceramics. As always,
the New Market artifact assemblage and other collections held by the Section of
Archaeology are available for use by anyone with scholarly research objectives.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">We hope you’ve enjoyed learning more about these
beautiful ceramics and the important information that they hold for
archaeologists in understanding the daily lives of early Philadelphia citizens.
Below is a list of some of the many publications relating to archaeology in
Philadelphia. We hope you will be inspired to examine the archaeological record
of your community and help us to preserve the past. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>For Additional Reading:</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Carpentier, Donald and Jonathan
Rickard </span><span style="font-family: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2001</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Slip Decoration in the Age of Industrialization<i>.</i> <i>Ceramics
in America 2001</i>. Chipstone Foundation, Milwaukee, WI. </span><span style="font-family: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cotter, John L.,
Daniel G. Roberts Michael Parrington<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">1992 <i>The Buried Past: An Archaeological History of Philadelphia</i>.
University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia Pa. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Liggett, Barbara<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">1978 <i>Archaeology at New Market Exhibit Catalogue</i>. The Athenaeum
of Philadelphia. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Myers, Susan H. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">1980 <i>Handcraft to Industry: Philadelphia Ceramic in the First Half
of the Nineteenth Century</i>. Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology,
No. 43. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p><p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun">Orr, David G.</span><span class="eop"> </span><span style="font-family: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun">2003</span><span class="tabchar"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></span><span class="normaltextrun">Samuel Malkin in Philadelphia: A Remarkable Slipware
Assemblage. <i>Ceramics in America 2003,</i> pp. 252-255 (</span><a href="http://www.chipstone.org/article.php/97/Ceramics-in-America-2003/Samuel-Malkin-in-Philadelphia:-A-remarkable-Slipware-Assemblage" target="_blank"><span class="normaltextrun"><span style="color: #0563c1;">http://www.chipstone.org/article.php/97/Ceramics-in-America-2003/Samuel-Malkin-in-Philadelphia:-A-remarkable-Slipware-Assemblage</span></span></a><span class="normaltextrun">). </span><span class="eop"> </span><span style="font-family: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p><p class="paragraph" style="margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun">Yamin, Rebecca</span><span class="eop"> </span><span style="font-family: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="paragraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="normaltextrun">2008</span><span class="tabchar"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif;"> </span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><i>Digging in the City of Brotherly Love: Stories from
Philadelphia Archaeology</i>. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.</span><span class="eop"> </span><span style="font-family: "Segoe UI",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p></div>
For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-14257617020568808552022-08-01T10:50:00.001-04:002022-08-01T10:50:11.675-04:00So Long, Agnes<div><p class="MsoNormal">With this blog we say good-bye to our series on Tropical
Storm Agnes and her impact on the Commonwealth.
The previous blogs have traced her path through the major river basins of
Pennsylvania, leaving behind massive destruction and hardship. Cultural resources – churches, museums,
libraries, and cemeteries- were significantly impacted, but the communities
surrounding them rallied together to help salvage these resources. Improved
preparation and planning by many of these institutions were implemented in anticipation
of the potential for future floods. Flood protection programs that had been
proposed decades prior to Agnes were finally approved, funded, and constructed
by Army Corp of Engineers who recognized that flood events were happening more frequently,
and their impact was becoming increasingly destructive.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGwy6Nc3ZP6e2jfgWqjTcp3QzUVRdp8YpjU0yixyWwnCgVfASoyMt9F_wRYIx2hMU9fJo-3YRKxScKZ3JGITSiFG28M3-z9W2SAl0NQvHhG6trg4Kg80Cd2m3lV7Vhew0lyFqOOmrwS_EQU_NskJJwgEi0Cwz_nF6iOnLLzZAxEsK_UxrQeV0wrTIrlw/s1132/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1132" data-original-width="815" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGwy6Nc3ZP6e2jfgWqjTcp3QzUVRdp8YpjU0yixyWwnCgVfASoyMt9F_wRYIx2hMU9fJo-3YRKxScKZ3JGITSiFG28M3-z9W2SAl0NQvHhG6trg4Kg80Cd2m3lV7Vhew0lyFqOOmrwS_EQU_NskJJwgEi0Cwz_nF6iOnLLzZAxEsK_UxrQeV0wrTIrlw/w288-h400/Picture1.png" width="288" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption">Figure 1-Aerial view of Cowanesque Dam, Tioga County.<br />Image By Bjoertvedt - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0.</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal">The archaeology conducted in the aftermath of Agnes provided
a broader resource for examining the past. Rural areas and previously
undeveloped landscapes yielded evidence of cultural activity over thousands of
years and improved our understanding of movement and settlement patterns by
Indigenous peoples. This could be viewed
as a positive outcome from such a destructive event. Archaeological sites are
often destroyed by private construction projects, natural disasters, or
careless destruction by those digging for “treasures”, preventing systematic
investigations that ends with the loss of cultural heritage. Unfortunately, some of the destruction from
Agnes could not be rectified. The
displacement of cemetery burials at Forty Fort, in Luzerne County couldn’t be
repaired, but the monument dedicated in memory of the individuals from this
gravesite is a reminder of the destruction. and our need to plan and prepare
for the future. Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) is currently developing a multi-year project to address
flooding in the Wyoming Valley. Development within the watershed has led to storm
water runoff reaching the river faster and with the increased frequency and
intensity of storms, the threat of flooding intensifies.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS6HfJaJa5Uy-nT5EmgutuSZURMZ0EK7la25jw9gdkQu4VAeQaclo_nxEi2khtLEOt_GtA43aWkwF1MaABK--IuX2klMGZrAiY69VHqol-0bcAscG89BrX9-oSslFY_NbHikT2x5HPYzl-ABBDp7lbeBUosqbddwr-nFITqMJ75otwBfK4EbLyjcJKbQ/s1192/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1144" data-original-width="1192" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS6HfJaJa5Uy-nT5EmgutuSZURMZ0EK7la25jw9gdkQu4VAeQaclo_nxEi2khtLEOt_GtA43aWkwF1MaABK--IuX2klMGZrAiY69VHqol-0bcAscG89BrX9-oSslFY_NbHikT2x5HPYzl-ABBDp7lbeBUosqbddwr-nFITqMJ75otwBfK4EbLyjcJKbQ/w400-h384/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 2 Wilkes Barre, Luzerne County<br />Image courtesy of the Pennsylvania State Archives</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></div><p class="MsoNormal">State and Federal agencies have put many planning tools in
place since Agnes. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) dedicates
funding to implement flood mitigation projects, to improve planning and
assistance for communities. Flood
insurance programs have expanded to assist homeowners and businesses impacted
when these events occur. Improved land management practices have been put in
place to control run off from paved surfaces. Flood plain management programs
are updated and revised as development occurs which also impacts communities. These
measures are important tools for protecting our resources and preparing for the
potential of future flood events. The impact of climate change has already been
realized in flash flood events and extreme fluctuations in temperature-by
rapidly melting snowpack due to a sudden spring thaw.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Archaeologists have examined climate change over time and
the impact on cultures, but how did they adapt and change due to changing conditions?
Our climate has evolved since the first Ice Age 1.8 million years ago to the
present, marked by extreme temperatures and drought. In the Paleoindian and
Early Archaic periods, characterized by low population density, humans
responded to changes in climate by moving to more favorable regions. During the
Middle and Late Archaic periods families occupied all the river valleys and
movement was generally not an option to offset population increase. Instead,
incremental technological improvements were incorporated to obtain food
resources more efficiently.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> The decrease in
precipitation and relatively high population density during the Sub-Boreal
episode (5800-2850 years ago) required significant changes in Native American
technological systems. Technology was not the only solution and changes
certainly occurred in social organization that resulted in groups that could
exploit the environment in a more organized and efficient manner. Hunting and
gathering was supplemented with the gardening of seed plants of the Eastern
Agricultural Complex. By 900 AD, gardening could not maintain pace with a
growing population and maize based agriculture became the dominant subsistence
pattern. After 1350 AD, the Little Ice Age created some level of stress among
Native American farmers, especially those occupying the northern regions of
Pennsylvania where frost -free growing seasons were reduced. High fertility
soils and settings with more frost-free days would have been very important in
this environment and competition for these settings may have contributed to the
widespread social stress among groups. <o:p></o:p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL3XpYR6uuC15nP5eBXGq-U1izyx_OQIEt6rVWy54V8ErIOOZfDK-Bkc5Ujter6F9HIyV7axCuzeQdm6DeHnlK8_nPS9V73LesdpZi5zPbcnbvQnqul4bgKZ7vOCGSCuDmknAf8SRjEF12dbK9Lnr9WYZIW4ItEVTp_J4bP0BUtPqem0m2qLPTGCYJcg/s1428/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="765" data-original-width="1428" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL3XpYR6uuC15nP5eBXGq-U1izyx_OQIEt6rVWy54V8ErIOOZfDK-Bkc5Ujter6F9HIyV7axCuzeQdm6DeHnlK8_nPS9V73LesdpZi5zPbcnbvQnqul4bgKZ7vOCGSCuDmknAf8SRjEF12dbK9Lnr9WYZIW4ItEVTp_J4bP0BUtPqem0m2qLPTGCYJcg/w400-h214/Picture3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption"><div style="text-align: left;">Figure 3 Schultz site (36LA0007) diorama. </div><div style="text-align: left;">PHMC image.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">In the 21<sup>st</sup> century, our high population density,
a global economy, and an advanced technical society are part of a delicate
interrelated cultural system. Climate is part of that system. Global warming
will cause sea levels to rise. Populations will be displaced inland. Some
cities may be abandoned. In the United States, a decrease in rainfall is
predicted for the western corn belt and that will result in reduced food
production. An increase in hurricane activity is predicted along the East coast
and this will result in costly disasters. Competition for agricultural land and
the resources to farm this land will increase and result in our own instances
of social stress. As in the past, we will have to develop technological and
economic solutions to produce more foods. Scientists, farmers and concerned individuals
are already coming together to examine current agricultural practices and crop yield
and where changes can be made to better utilize our resources. Sustainability
of our food resources is vital to population growth, implementing best
practices for management of these resources is just one step we can take
now. Archaeologists have seen cultures adapt and
change over thousands of years and that belief that we, as a society made up of
many communities, will adapt and change for the future is promising.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">We hope you have enjoyed our Agnes series, for some it
reminded us of a significant event in our past, for others it was a picture
into the past and an event that helped to form many of our land use and flood
protection programs across the Commonwealth. Preservation of our cultural resources
continues as an initiative of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
(PHMC). We encourage you to learn about
the resources in your community and support the preservation of the
archaeological and historic sites that enrich our lives. We remind everyone of the need to have an <a href="https://www.ready.gov/kit" target="_blank">emergency plan</a> in place for your household
and to engage in discussions within your community for emergency preparedness
and land use practices. </p></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-76076464098649378532022-07-18T11:28:00.004-04:002022-07-18T11:28:14.765-04:00Tropical Storm Agnes in the Allegheny River Valley<div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpZNDFVcU3EqZJjdSVFExI9O39yMSJN-7IXIAtUBvxVB8S_PsOB7senqvMKnZIC6e6qkrluLhH5W8tV4L96u9d4e5daEJ5tMKT6R35xqD1KQnajLT8zptNZ8lEMaUJarDk6NGeuDPyH1lw7FQFb4HwzloPZXMDSoA6ZKKii6YmU9rrcHRRHdMJVozfgA/s1430/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="953" data-original-width="1430" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpZNDFVcU3EqZJjdSVFExI9O39yMSJN-7IXIAtUBvxVB8S_PsOB7senqvMKnZIC6e6qkrluLhH5W8tV4L96u9d4e5daEJ5tMKT6R35xqD1KQnajLT8zptNZ8lEMaUJarDk6NGeuDPyH1lw7FQFb4HwzloPZXMDSoA6ZKKii6YmU9rrcHRRHdMJVozfgA/w400-h266/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>If you have been following our series on the effects of
Tropical Storm Agnes in the various river drainages of Pennsylvania, you may
have noticed a pattern of devastating damage followed by the resilient recovery
of the people and properties affected.
In many cases recovery included construction of reservoirs and other
flood control projects to protect against future flooding events. As part of the planning and construction of
these facilities, archaeology was often required to mitigate damage to possible
archaeological sites. As a result, many
new sites were discovered and both new and previously known sites were more
thoroughly excavated than would have been possible without the flood control
initiative. </div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> The Allegheny River
Valley was positioned differently than the other river basins previously
featured in this series. The St.
Patrick’s Day flood of 1936 caused devastation throughout the region and hit
Pittsburgh particularly hard. More than
63 inches of snow received over the course of the winter began to melt and
combined with the increased rain on March 16 led to a major flooding
event. Described here by the <a href="https://www.sunburyfloodcontrol.com/The%20Floods%20of%201936%20and%20the%20Copeland%20Flood%20Control%20Bill.pdf" target="_blank">U.S.Geological Survey’s Water Supply Paper 799</a>:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i>“During the period March 9-22,1936 there occurred in
close succession over the northeastern United States . . . two extraordinarily
heavy rainstorms. The depths of rainfall mark this period as one of the
greatest concentrations of precipitation, in respect to time and magnitude of
area covered, of which there is record in this country. At the time of the rain
there were also accumulations of snow on the ground over much of the region
that were large for the season. The comparatively warm temperatures associated
with the storms melted the snow and added materially to the quantities of water
to be disposed of by drainage into the waterways . . . the total quantity that
had to be disposed of . . . ranged between 10 to 30 inches.”<o:p></o:p></i></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">The Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers converge at the point in
Pittsburgh to form the Ohio River. The
water crested more than 20 feet over flood stage to 46 feet which left much of
downtown Pittsburgh underwater, and millions of dollars of damage in its
wake. It also left 62 dead, more than
500 injured and approximately 135,000 people homeless throughout the region. This was the impetus for Congress to pass the
Copeland Act in 1938 allotting the funds for the construction of levees and
reservoirs in the Allegheny and surrounding drainages. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid0W61Gpr0INHPOQYytBsQWTbtcYrG2yJ-AvDgurvFWxK2rwyumtM1v1lKjKY9Y_SGf5GSAmNZZoHwKjWTugg1jdDWjnvm1l8MQ_fCuiNCgI40An7FL9bTTpZEYpmb12Jq0tvTnoOURRIP51fg1lJnT0zkKbQfxtadYGorrXqcJO-3H0x36xWJSXcMwQ/s1430/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="953" data-original-width="1430" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid0W61Gpr0INHPOQYytBsQWTbtcYrG2yJ-AvDgurvFWxK2rwyumtM1v1lKjKY9Y_SGf5GSAmNZZoHwKjWTugg1jdDWjnvm1l8MQ_fCuiNCgI40An7FL9bTTpZEYpmb12Jq0tvTnoOURRIP51fg1lJnT0zkKbQfxtadYGorrXqcJO-3H0x36xWJSXcMwQ/w400-h266/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXuPwPdrSXY9mjBoIY0VOVh6Im-6ns7R0aVlWp5frcz7LJn4gxrgy08v26XI_IdNU5rychKrGp4uvFgCzR5FI98_GvBhoiP249OFzjqIiLhmaJJa9BJA2T7GCAUUzdcqcYx_7QoJnx0P64m4skMT9gtgJu0D9TE2Ku8kmVe8M1VhL26LqN0gEqq67l5Q/s403/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="403" data-original-width="365" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXuPwPdrSXY9mjBoIY0VOVh6Im-6ns7R0aVlWp5frcz7LJn4gxrgy08v26XI_IdNU5rychKrGp4uvFgCzR5FI98_GvBhoiP249OFzjqIiLhmaJJa9BJA2T7GCAUUzdcqcYx_7QoJnx0P64m4skMT9gtgJu0D9TE2Ku8kmVe8M1VhL26LqN0gEqq67l5Q/w363-h400/Picture3.png" width="363" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Area of the Kinzua Dam Project</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">The Kinzua Dam and Allegheny Reservoir were a product of
this construction and are credited with significantly lessening the impact of
Agnes on Pittsburgh thus fulfilling its promised function. The lessened impact
still created considerable damage to Pittsburgh with the rivers cresting at
35.8 feet. The Pennsylvania Historical
and Museum Commission had recently opened the Fort Pitt Museum in 1969 on
Pittsburgh’s “Golden Point”. It was
inundated with 45 inches of water damaging the structure as well as the
artifacts and exhibits causing it to close for almost two years for repairs. Other towns and cities throughout the region
were severely impacted by Agnes. The
town of Freeport in Armstrong County is situated between the Allegheny River
and Buffalo Creek and had what one resident, <a href="https://triblive.com/local/valley-news-dispatch/50-years-ago-hurricane-agnes-left-indelible-mark/" target="_blank">PaulWhite, described as “double flooding”. </a> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Unfortunately, the construction of the Kinzua Dam
also had a significant downside. It caused
the displacement of Pennsylvania’s last group of Indigenous people. The Seneca that occupied approximately 10,000
acres of their Allegheny Territory had been deeded this land as part of the <a href="https://americanindian.si.edu/nationtonation/treaty-of-canandaigua.html" target="_blank">Treatyof Canandaigua</a>, signed by President George Washington in 1794. The
Allegheny River was known as the “Beautiful River” or “Good River” in Seneca
language <a href="https://scalar.usc.edu/works/ohiyo/index" target="_blank"><i>Ohi:yo’</i></a>. It was the source of food, plants, and
medicines for thousands of years and culturally significant to the Seneca
Nation peoples living in the Allegheny Territory and those living on the
Cornplanter Grant. After
many years and many legal battles, the government eventually used the right of
eminent domain to claim the land and removed the approximately 600 Tribal
members living there to the Allegheny Reservation in Salamanca, New York<span style="color: red;">. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">The Seneca Nation Onödowá'ga:' (oh-non-doh-wah!-gawh!),
which means "People of the Great Hill” have created an exhibit that relays
their story of this event to educate others at their museum (<a href="https://scalar.usc.edu/works/ohiyo/index" target="_blank">https://scalar.usc.edu/works/ohiyo/index</a>).</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Soon after the passage of the Copeland Act the Pennsylvania
Historical Commission(PHC) examined areas that would be impacted by
construction of the dam. In 1941 a
Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC) project was conducted on the Pearl Smith farm
located two miles north of Kinzua, Warren County. The investigation led to the recovery of
materials representing activities from the Middle Woodland period (1000- 2400 years ago). Additional archaeological investigations were
conducted in 1942 in a midden area associated with the village component of the
Sugar Run site (36WA0002). Unfortunately, this work was halted due to the outbreak
of WWII and call to duty of the excavators. This multi- component site has been linked to
similar sites in New York and Ohio, demonstrating complex social networks.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj71ojQ7rs-2zHqn2oLtwXaTzWUuiJ85gdqmyLxr30qc7ccON2cBiCmzHW13fAnNv2lcr9Eytv2JalUjp2pqr7ANdJ-1elbZODsxnVhiMLn2XqTfX_QH-1at-HCQt3HLK_MqGqMZV2XgCwzH9Qd2iIDJMe_-2rmzYlNC_pdoCSPjKnd-LS5bbHZ5X0kQA/s1430/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="953" data-original-width="1430" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj71ojQ7rs-2zHqn2oLtwXaTzWUuiJ85gdqmyLxr30qc7ccON2cBiCmzHW13fAnNv2lcr9Eytv2JalUjp2pqr7ANdJ-1elbZODsxnVhiMLn2XqTfX_QH-1at-HCQt3HLK_MqGqMZV2XgCwzH9Qd2iIDJMe_-2rmzYlNC_pdoCSPjKnd-LS5bbHZ5X0kQA/w400-h266/Picture4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Blades
made of Flint Ridge Chert from the Sugar Run Village Site (36WA0002), from the
collections of The Pennsylvania State Museum.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMMUurwRVbPLAmAT7XgpC1sOvCM9gIxLQe6swyTqqzN-7UEgvgKCBYR3vKShTYezekLnT8BhyZM_j_Ptzu6X4t5-Ab3CkQlBqAWnbdlNMXdTi7_ypmevDFu5Aet6hv5hFs7ypYAOHAuJlaiT990G-N9bsCq14vPprOj0As8s3ujNX-ybh0KEo6NglYGQ/s975/Picture5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="975" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMMUurwRVbPLAmAT7XgpC1sOvCM9gIxLQe6swyTqqzN-7UEgvgKCBYR3vKShTYezekLnT8BhyZM_j_Ptzu6X4t5-Ab3CkQlBqAWnbdlNMXdTi7_ypmevDFu5Aet6hv5hFs7ypYAOHAuJlaiT990G-N9bsCq14vPprOj0As8s3ujNX-ybh0KEo6NglYGQ/w400-h266/Picture5.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Corner-Notched
Points made of Onondaga Chert from the Sugar Run Village Site (36WA0002), from
the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">The construction of the levees and reservoirs that resulted
from the Copeland Act predate the enactment of The National Historic
Preservation Act of 1966 which required (and continues to require) the
consideration of impact on archaeological and historic resources from federally
funded construction projects. Hence,
there was no legal requirement for archaeological investigations prior to
implementation of the flood control projects.
Fortunately, in 1950 the Carnegie Museum initiated the Upper Ohio Valley
Archaeological Survey. Its purpose was
to create “a basic framework of information covering all of man’s time in the
area” (Mayer-Oakes, 1955). This
comprehensive survey laid the groundwork for our understanding of the precontact
and historic occupations of the area. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJiaIp_76foAgCR0XxHvWFBiU5DvfibE-__9vUFTiaIkh7mqfHYmVEnZJXH-VDtGhrvfQofP-_6th5ao9olML9WTqIzdHO3z8xsHU0LZGndcXqFkMSWOn3IRA3kK-LxJpF-X_ATzkwlK7hzLqd9agHWyycxttw6QEb1M2gCbfKRH3vyEtAQor3LZGL4A/s965/Picture6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="857" data-original-width="965" height="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJiaIp_76foAgCR0XxHvWFBiU5DvfibE-__9vUFTiaIkh7mqfHYmVEnZJXH-VDtGhrvfQofP-_6th5ao9olML9WTqIzdHO3z8xsHU0LZGndcXqFkMSWOn3IRA3kK-LxJpF-X_ATzkwlK7hzLqd9agHWyycxttw6QEb1M2gCbfKRH3vyEtAQor3LZGL4A/w400-h355/Picture6.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Kinzua Phase Pot found in Cold Spring, New York and curated
by the Seneca Iroquois <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">National Museum Salamanca, New York. (Myers, 2019)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">The National Park Service sponsored survey and testing in
the area that would be inundated by the Allegheny Reservoir in September and
October of 1958 by William A. Ritchie (New York State Museum) and Don W. Dragoo
(Carnegie Museum). Most of the initial survey
was confined to surface testing because the land was still privately owned and
much of it was being actively farmed.
After the land was purchased by
the U.S. Government, a more thorough investigation could be conducted. One site of particular interest was the Kinzua
site (36WA0053). Only a few chert flakes
(debitage) had been found at this location during the initial surface survey.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Stanley Lantz of the Carnegie revisited the site in 1965, as
the dam was nearing completion. A large
portion of the site had already eroded away by the lapping waters of the rising
reservoir, revealing pottery sherds associated with the Allegheny Erie
Tradition (A.D.1100-1300) (Lantz 2020).
Full scale excavations commenced in 1965 with the mechanical removal of topsoil
exposing the precontact indigenous occupation.
The remaining portion of the site, approximately 1,200 m<sup>2</sup>,
was excavated and found to be a stockaded village complete with houses,
hearths, storage pits and artifacts attributed to a community whose economy was
based on agriculture, hunting, and fishing.
The Kinzua site, like many other sites within the Allegheny Reservoir impoundment area are now under water. Thankfully a few of them were thoroughly excavated
with National Park service funds providing a window into Pennsylvania’s past. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tropical Storm Agnes’s effects in western
Pennsylvania were devastating but they were less severe than they might have
been due to construction of flood control projects following the deadly St.
Patrick’s Day flood 36 years earlier. The construction of similar flood control
projects in central and eastern </span>Pennsylvania were not implemented, for the most part, until after those communities suffered the
wrath of Agnes.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If you missed our Learn at Lunch program on the impact of
Agnes on cultural resources, the link is
provided here to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Gyvdh73kJM" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;">watch the recorded program</span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">References:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dragoo, Don W. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">1965 <i>Archeological Investigations in the
Kinzua Area of the Allegheny Basin of Western Pennsylvania During 1965</i>,
Manuscript on file, The Pennsylvania State Museum Section of Archaeology,
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Lantz, Stanley W.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">2020 The Allegheny Erie Tradition. In <i>The
Archaeology of Native Americans in Pennsylvania Volume 2</i> edited by Kurt W.
Carr, Christopher A. Bergman, Christina B. Rieth, Bernard K. Means, and Roger
W. Moeller, pp. 465 – 482, University of Pennsylvania Press.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mayer-Oakes, William J.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">1955 <i>Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley;
An Introductory Archeological Study</i>. Carnegie Museum Anthropological
Papers, No. 2. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">McConaughy, Mark
A. and Janet R. Johnson<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">2003 Sugar Run Mound (36Wa359) and Village
(36Wa2): Hopewell/Middle Woodland in Warren County, Pennsylvania. Foragers and
Farmers of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods in Pennsylvania, Recent
Research in Pennsylvania Archaeology, No.3, PHMC, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">Myers, Andrew J.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">2019 The Cold Spring Pot: An Allegheny Erie
Tradition Vessel Found in the Upper Allegheny Drainage. In Pennsylvania
Archaeologist 89(1):25 – 44.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Making History:
The Heinz History Center Blog<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://www.heinzhistorycenter.org/blog/western-pennsylvania-history/st-patricks-day-flood-1936" target="_blank">https://www.heinzhistorycenter.org/blog/western-pennsylvania-history/st-patricks-day-flood-1936</a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://www.heinzhistorycenter.org/blog/fort-pitt-museum/hurricane-agnes-and-the-fort-pitt-museum" target="_blank">https://www.heinzhistorycenter.org/blog/fort-pitt-museum/hurricane-agnes-and-the-fort-pitt-museum</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Online Resources:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://www.sunburyfloodcontrol.com/The%20Floods%20of%201936%20and%20the%20Copeland%20Flood%20Control%20Bill.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.sunburyfloodcontrol.com/The%20Floods%20of%201936%20and%20the%20Copeland%20Flood%20Control%20Bill.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.alleghenyfront.org/the-complicated-history-of-the-kinzua-dam-and-how-it-changed-life-for-the-seneca-people/" target="_blank">https://www.alleghenyfront.org/the-complicated-history-of-the-kinzua-dam-and-how-it-changed-life-for-the-seneca-people/</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.wgrz.com/article/sports/outdoors/the-tragedy-of-the-kinzua-dam/71-445448395" target="_blank">https://www.wgrz.com/article/sports/outdoors/the-tragedy-of-the-kinzua-dam/71-445448395</a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://triblive.com/local/valley-news-dispatch/50-years-ago-hurricane-agnes-left-indelible-mark/" target="_blank">https://triblive.com/local/valley-news-dispatch/50-years-ago-hurricane-agnes-left-indelible-mark/</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://americanindian.si.edu/nationtonation/treaty-of-canandaigua.html" target="_blank">https://americanindian.si.edu/nationtonation/treaty-of-canandaigua.html</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://scalar.usc.edu/works/ohiyo/index" target="_blank">https://scalar.usc.edu/works/ohiyo/index</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-4145740727873564682022-07-01T16:29:00.004-04:002022-07-01T16:39:18.528-04:00Agnes’ Impact on the Middle Susquehanna River Valley<div>Summer has begun, and hurricane season is in full swing. As
we keep a wary eye on the storms developing over the Atlantic, we continue to
look back 50 years ago as tropical storm Agnes made land fall over Pennsylvania.
As discussed in prior posts in our Agnes series, destruction of property and
lives was intense with tropical storm Agnes in Pennsylvania, leaving homes and
businesses in disrepair. Agnes imposed tremendous stress on the federal budget
with the passage of the Agnes Recovery Act which allocated nearly two billion
dollars for the relief effort to Pennsylvania alone. This led to changes in
flood disaster protection measures and the creation of Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) (Grumbine 2017). Today we are looking at the results
of Agnes’ fury in the middle section of the Susquehanna River Valley. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw5do_ozqtN6K52dmv6wrR9G_WT2zRJ917oL7UyR7YF66A9GofRU-VbdXfM6IMBjabKE7wWQRDul2EQ6mF6TXN_F-NXLLM9Y6s9cAjc2AOpkaow1xCkXLLTAnKy4xRLAQstHLQtbNLnK6yzE8sdrBvmeDDHUSNevazIVrmIEMymER-2wA2vreZOzLB4A/s965/Picture1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="643" data-original-width="965" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw5do_ozqtN6K52dmv6wrR9G_WT2zRJ917oL7UyR7YF66A9GofRU-VbdXfM6IMBjabKE7wWQRDul2EQ6mF6TXN_F-NXLLM9Y6s9cAjc2AOpkaow1xCkXLLTAnKy4xRLAQstHLQtbNLnK6yzE8sdrBvmeDDHUSNevazIVrmIEMymER-2wA2vreZOzLB4A/w400-h266/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Map identifying the Middle Susquehanna Valley affected by Agnes discussed below.</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>June 25, 1972, just two days after the flooded Susquehanna
River crested at 34.1 feet in Williamsport, Pennsylvania an industrious doctoral
archaeology student set out to survey the region. William H. Turnbaugh, a driven
Ph.D. student, watched as the smaller tributaries to the Susquehanna subsided
and drained quickly into the river due to the steeply pitched watershed, not
allowing the river to recede (Turnbaugh 1977). Attributed to the 1955 levee
system built in Williamsport and South Williamsport these cities managed to
escape much of the extensive damage towns and cities further down and up the
river sustained. Deserted towns full of muddy homes, shops, and churches stood as
waters receded and those who fled the surging waters could return (Turnbaugh
1977). Roads were impassable, debris from homes and businesses strewn
everywhere, and farms fields and crops were destroyed. </div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj381Lk1S8O9NMhIhWyEVv11iUo0YRbpJuQfEs9zWGNd3KIYkOglJGrxb6PhZ6YXxdMhmuLwKM--mCMSWnnz1V8rRAw0mjnSDprnbqmahVY-_HLqshXC7M3PeXcU4vamsVoMeyVGlg-SSxAfGGHfBa1q18yUffpb0vdPPpGOXZZMVpKQvoKdat_-ltVZw/s384/Picture2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="384" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj381Lk1S8O9NMhIhWyEVv11iUo0YRbpJuQfEs9zWGNd3KIYkOglJGrxb6PhZ6YXxdMhmuLwKM--mCMSWnnz1V8rRAw0mjnSDprnbqmahVY-_HLqshXC7M3PeXcU4vamsVoMeyVGlg-SSxAfGGHfBa1q18yUffpb0vdPPpGOXZZMVpKQvoKdat_-ltVZw/w400-h233/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Flooding in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania along Bull Run due to Tropical Storm Agnes. Image from https://susquehannavalley.blogspot.com/2020/06/the-1972-flood-photos-of-lewisburg-pa.html.</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcuZAjRA15UmM03pr0QZ_sCqg5A6w3BXt1qudBcKVoLdQ3oBRNRtSXxEaABtj3QqQ1GGbkXWQdVpKC9OrprgAmPlEzmb13w_QPZVTloN8qyOM4GgkQVcREaZ1nziL7Rs_pUf5elHggn46gG_tcsu87U6MZxztvJtf2wLza2-3-E2qtuYktubO7NlhqDw/s430/Picture3.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="342" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcuZAjRA15UmM03pr0QZ_sCqg5A6w3BXt1qudBcKVoLdQ3oBRNRtSXxEaABtj3QqQ1GGbkXWQdVpKC9OrprgAmPlEzmb13w_QPZVTloN8qyOM4GgkQVcREaZ1nziL7Rs_pUf5elHggn46gG_tcsu87U6MZxztvJtf2wLza2-3-E2qtuYktubO7NlhqDw/w319-h400/Picture3.png" width="319" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Flooding in Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania due to
Tropical Storm Agnes. Image from Pennsylvania State Archives. <br /> </span></i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div>Once the waters began to recede, Turnbaugh quickly realized
the most visible result of the flooding on archaeological sites was erosion. After
extensive survey throughout Lycoming County, three main types of erosion were
identified as affecting numerous archaeological sites. The first form of
erosion Turnbaugh identified is channel erosion, this is where small streams
would cut across areas to create shortcuts around their natural loops creating
channels through the soil. Sites that Turnbaugh identified as having been
channel eroded include Precontact sites 36Ly11, 36Ly45, 36Ly99 and 36Ly146, all
of which were nearly destroyed by channel erosion (Turnbaugh 1977). </div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">The Late Woodland site (450- 1,100 years ago) 36Ly146 had a
channel running about 500 feet through it with depth up to three feet deep and a
large portion had been washed away. Due to the flood damage and large amounts
of deposited sand and stone very little was found on this site. A few Clemson
Island pottery sherds, believed to be from a single pot, were the main
archeological find at this site after the flooding (Turnbaugh 1972c).</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVh36v68Ul2mNsFgRfuTJ2pZ0LB-RvEiees2cCkReNDHuNvrtr1oIW05Y2_TCuHCZ9qbGTGS5IrVMnAAGODnjiUq4ZG1xoCr2hGXl8oTSUOjuqm0CDdx67rDKOF0fJ4wQGzDu-97vRuRPqlOnnmxV__Q-QBS8woFd5poQn8BJQ4Vd8QnHQpJaLPS59kA/s849/Picture4.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="761" data-original-width="849" height="359" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVh36v68Ul2mNsFgRfuTJ2pZ0LB-RvEiees2cCkReNDHuNvrtr1oIW05Y2_TCuHCZ9qbGTGS5IrVMnAAGODnjiUq4ZG1xoCr2hGXl8oTSUOjuqm0CDdx67rDKOF0fJ4wQGzDu-97vRuRPqlOnnmxV__Q-QBS8woFd5poQn8BJQ4Vd8QnHQpJaLPS59kA/w400-h359/Picture4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Pottery sherds found at 36Ly146. Image from the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">The second type of erosion Turnbaugh identified is pothole erosion,
this is where potholes are created in the ground from eddy currents burrowing. The
site most significantly affected by this form of erosion the multi-component Precontact
site 36Ly74 (450- 10,000 years ago), where a 75 ft x 50ft x 5ft deep pothole
was created (Turnbaugh 1977). Artifacts recovered from this site during the
1972 survey included projectile points, net weights, and a trade bead.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtfiSX6Xb97saOIAXX5MYLnE3x8K_4UQ1j2niAa-ZjHZGUJTyhoz1obugG8k4JJOLipof95u0wffs0J0vWWu9MYzBn0A22aaOBmDWCUI6r8Rg-uHNn10PS3J9SSnOFYaL6sYa6l-SE_RKw9kBhwHxXRRcfJPrgOLc2xMG9LXtc5g8ACqL1W6u-05p6vg/s983/Picture5.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="670" data-original-width="983" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtfiSX6Xb97saOIAXX5MYLnE3x8K_4UQ1j2niAa-ZjHZGUJTyhoz1obugG8k4JJOLipof95u0wffs0J0vWWu9MYzBn0A22aaOBmDWCUI6r8Rg-uHNn10PS3J9SSnOFYaL6sYa6l-SE_RKw9kBhwHxXRRcfJPrgOLc2xMG9LXtc5g8ACqL1W6u-05p6vg/w400-h272/Picture5.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A netsinker, trade bead and a bifurcate
projectile point recovered from 36Ly74. Image from the collections of The State
Museum of Pennsylvania.</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">The third form of erosion identified by Turnbaugh is sheet
erosion, this is where soils are evenly eroded across a large area. A few of
the sites affected by this form of erosion include the Archaic (11500-4850BP),
Woodland (450-
2,950 years ago), and historic sites 36Ly83 and 36Ly86. The Cliffside
site, 36Ly86 (450- 10,000 years ago), had 90% of the site exposed by the flood,
allowing for numerous precontact artifacts such as stone tools and projectile
points to be found during a surface collection (Turnbaugh 1977). William
Turnbaugh recorded and updated numerous sites in north-central Pennsylvania
following the Agnes flooding, but this was just the beginning, as a larger
survey sponsored by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission continued
this work later in the year (Smith 1977).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfo-MK9UcKIvYX4DDNSYJznxBXTXcPx2hXc9PV1MjeKYnayBjksCX85zVVU6pgAViphx9zfvC9xDFQ8giEn0dEbBcfUKQz2Uhlu3aihAm6c6fHa1KBxON75jJc5gWsDPZ8JT5LLtpDAjLpvMAThZJm2pJ-UtzonGn_865Ns47sWd1NFGRk8UNoYb7Jg/s997/Picture6.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="878" data-original-width="997" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfo-MK9UcKIvYX4DDNSYJznxBXTXcPx2hXc9PV1MjeKYnayBjksCX85zVVU6pgAViphx9zfvC9xDFQ8giEn0dEbBcfUKQz2Uhlu3aihAm6c6fHa1KBxON75jJc5gWsDPZ8JT5LLtpDAjLpvMAThZJm2pJ-UtzonGn_865Ns47sWd1NFGRk8UNoYb7Jg/w400-h353/Picture6.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Artifacts recovered from the Cliffside site, 36Ly86.
Image from the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">The narrow valleys upriver from Williamsport on the West
Branch of the Susquehanna also caused extensive flooding. Sinnemahoning Creek
crested at 19.5 feet, flooding this region, and flowing downstream into the
Susquehanna. This and other creeks and streams in this narrow valley caused the
waters to surge into the river at pinch points flooding the areas that the
streams and creeks led to while also causing waters to rise further down river.
In Renovo, Pennsylvania the water rose and crested at 26.6 feet and in Lock
Haven, Pennsylvania, the water crested at 31.3 feet leading to significant
flooding in both areas (National Weather Service 2017). With widespread flooding in this region,
erosion occurred leading to additional archaeological finds. Included in these
finds are the Martin Whitcomb site (36Cm2), 36Cn49, and the Ramm site (36Cn44).</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">The Martin Whitcomb site, 36Cm2 spans from the Archaic
through the Woodland (450- 10,000 years ago). After the flooding from Agnes
receded artifacts such as projectile points, netsinkers and other stone tools
were found. <o:p></o:p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOq13US0rwf8m8KMYq2YLFctwnt2DTv_RbtZ9ir_jsIsTp3NXDk_s062uBQOIczV2YcRhM4gp3euxpLNsk-JX2QqqPUdP93enKydQBqv8xR_iCG8LOhLKCpwbVWDc631EhnIPJkJZjcjI-SW5QY2wwck2xdOOdz0l3LixoYhcxNLTjJ9G1F34CtBqokw/s953/Picture7.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="553" data-original-width="953" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOq13US0rwf8m8KMYq2YLFctwnt2DTv_RbtZ9ir_jsIsTp3NXDk_s062uBQOIczV2YcRhM4gp3euxpLNsk-JX2QqqPUdP93enKydQBqv8xR_iCG8LOhLKCpwbVWDc631EhnIPJkJZjcjI-SW5QY2wwck2xdOOdz0l3LixoYhcxNLTjJ9G1F34CtBqokw/w400-h233/Picture7.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Stone tools and projectile points
recovered from the Martin Whitcomb site, 36Cm2. Image from the collections of
The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">The Ramm site, 36Cn44 is a Late Woodland site (450- 1100
years ago). Flooding from Agnes led to deep grooves along the rows of planted
crops up to several inches deep. Numerous
artifacts were found after the water receded including Clemson Island pottery
sherds, triangular and other points (Turnbaugh 1972a).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4AXmW9NOLRhy6seeQYOtg1I6bx0fGUwfv04s--x6SIX_9m5JmapVz7Tih8gZD-JkR1YrZG7vJDKzpXiDrrFGgdz__w9xeTiPRT7BDiojo3nxIAvH3zMhm1apZImlpmJoYkaUZ6d7_xE9Y5Uev6dgI7xGjj-H5ijfcPakdGyDFFJHKMqlPIITdwVO8Fw/s967/Picture8.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="816" data-original-width="967" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4AXmW9NOLRhy6seeQYOtg1I6bx0fGUwfv04s--x6SIX_9m5JmapVz7Tih8gZD-JkR1YrZG7vJDKzpXiDrrFGgdz__w9xeTiPRT7BDiojo3nxIAvH3zMhm1apZImlpmJoYkaUZ6d7_xE9Y5Uev6dgI7xGjj-H5ijfcPakdGyDFFJHKMqlPIITdwVO8Fw/w400-h338/Picture8.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Artifacts recovered from the Ramm
site, 36Cn44. Image from the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">The Archaic through Transitional (11500-2800BP) site, 36Cn49,
near Lock Haven, Pennsylvania also incurred extensive erosion due to Agnes. This
site produced projectile points, steatite artifacts, netsinkers and other stone
tools (Turnbaugh 1972b).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4QZiVv9LZTFcxZIHPDZv9Orcjg5SNtIlEz9Q0Q_EFjB9vLicuF_Uy8jYOhgc3QfuS9MRkal4BpnjPiM6PX822zWG7hqbx26lTGR-hLLU8Hqe7YbxnsG82ENcpTJ4tTcb5CDvIFrk-bOHYBPYIwDpWYRrIwFMywCareRDuzzcicHdKJFmV2UAdAu9GWQ/s878/Picture9.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="873" data-original-width="878" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4QZiVv9LZTFcxZIHPDZv9Orcjg5SNtIlEz9Q0Q_EFjB9vLicuF_Uy8jYOhgc3QfuS9MRkal4BpnjPiM6PX822zWG7hqbx26lTGR-hLLU8Hqe7YbxnsG82ENcpTJ4tTcb5CDvIFrk-bOHYBPYIwDpWYRrIwFMywCareRDuzzcicHdKJFmV2UAdAu9GWQ/w400-h398/Picture9.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Artifacts recovered from 36Cn49. Image
from the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">Down river from Williamsport, flooding was extensive as
smaller tributaries surged from their banks and inundated the towns, cities,
and the river. Lewisburg, Harrisburg, and numerous towns between were
overwhelmed with flood waters. As in Lycoming County, Northumberland, Union,
and Dauphin County archaeological sites were discovered and further explored
after the waters receded. Landowners, archaeologists, and amateurs worked
together to record and collect on sites. Some of the additional sites found
during the year following Agnes include Pre-contact sites 36Nb6, 36Nb8, 36Nb10,
36Nb61, 36Un10, and 36Da30. The Berrier Island site, 36Da30 (450- 2,950
years ago), was severely eroded by Agnes at the northern tip and western
edge of the island, with approximately 75 feet of the western edge washed away
(Douts 1976).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHU89XBTxnq5f-YZVZuGrox3krNW_yw4jA0Eb0QCjehZt_wcivkHMbDuAFsjuJl82fK1uWy2bU2KWw_1v9oL110tC_nqNb8i1mQ7k70ejGRebmfeqvm6GutJd83MSdctshd9m_Waxzu_9khMzypQW_ukuAJ936rgZtkohNNE2bWiOgNefOwSsJEvCIKg/s498/Picture11.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="498" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHU89XBTxnq5f-YZVZuGrox3krNW_yw4jA0Eb0QCjehZt_wcivkHMbDuAFsjuJl82fK1uWy2bU2KWw_1v9oL110tC_nqNb8i1mQ7k70ejGRebmfeqvm6GutJd83MSdctshd9m_Waxzu_9khMzypQW_ukuAJ936rgZtkohNNE2bWiOgNefOwSsJEvCIKg/w400-h325/Picture11.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Flooding of the Governor’s mansion in Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania due to Tropical Storm Agnes. Image from Pennsylvania State
Archives. </span></i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">Along with
sites found directly due to flooding and erosion, additional sites were
uncovered or updated in the process of flood mitigations. One of these sites
includes the Bull Run site, 36Ly119 (450- 10,000 years ago), in Loyalsock
Township found during an archaeological survey for the proposed project to
utilize the Williamsport Beltway roadbed to double as a levee (<span style="background: white;"><span style="color: #444444;">North Atlantic
Division Corps of Engineers</span>, </span>1989). After extensive excavations at the
Bull Run site, it was found that a fortified village was located there. Due to
plowing activities and erosion, all occupation levels from Early Archaic to
Late Woodland (450- 10,000 years ago) were in the top 10-12 inches of soil,
indicating that only the bottoms of features remained intact (Bressler 1978). The
few artifacts found on the site represent small bands of people moving through
the area until the Shenk’s Ferry village was erected. Features in the Shenk’s
Ferry Village that were discovered included a stockade and trench, pits, hearths,
and post molds indicating the location of houses. One feature that is usually
indicative of Shenk’s Ferry villages that was not present, are keyhole
structures. This is thought to be the result of the missing topsoil from
erosion and plowing (Bressler 1978).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWIjszPALmySmLoO9A3R9-FDu2CZogzRPiBsmWrmXTKj7i_dA73Xi5bw2_FFKXhwXope_vupryh7pKsMXshU0dFQ0NX3PyZ3-2Vj0bViDvgTURoKvbgMxyz1SwPU4_cX773C5S40e88WFNEAF1CHKJZP-LwEuEja_tFFDUXpr1ggO_O4zMfT8Z-q5NNQ/s1235/Picture12.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="653" data-original-width="1235" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWIjszPALmySmLoO9A3R9-FDu2CZogzRPiBsmWrmXTKj7i_dA73Xi5bw2_FFKXhwXope_vupryh7pKsMXshU0dFQ0NX3PyZ3-2Vj0bViDvgTURoKvbgMxyz1SwPU4_cX773C5S40e88WFNEAF1CHKJZP-LwEuEja_tFFDUXpr1ggO_O4zMfT8Z-q5NNQ/w400-h211/Picture12.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Artifacts recovered from the Bull Run Site,
36Ly119. Image from the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">Another site
that was uncovered due to post flooding mitigations is the West Water Street
site, 36Cn175 (200- 16,000 years ago). This site in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, is
located upstream from the confluence of the West Branch of the Susquehanna and
Bald Eagle Creek causing this area to be prone to flooding (Custer et al.
1994). In 1979 the Army Corps of Engineers established a flood protection plan
around Lock Haven, but it wasn’t until the early 1990’s that the plan began to
be implemented. At the time archaeological work was done along the site the plan
of building a 17.7 foot high, and 100-foot-wide base levee was in place (Custer
et al. 1994).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTJuv2iabyaqGBx2HLK6ZL293A6GpPI20gPBcorVB_2jSESpkOEw_t6XqnwZeDTmJHx8_xsuoq-NNqYsZABuyB_t2UZrJ_eArYlMX6nttssT95PXzI4vAu68O1cbn69pZ42yXeOn42VPVBfh7JAWn-hCQ45DkkhXs5lFlEox6BGT77Ab0_H_wBdh4Y1g/s871/Picture13.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="871" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTJuv2iabyaqGBx2HLK6ZL293A6GpPI20gPBcorVB_2jSESpkOEw_t6XqnwZeDTmJHx8_xsuoq-NNqYsZABuyB_t2UZrJ_eArYlMX6nttssT95PXzI4vAu68O1cbn69pZ42yXeOn42VPVBfh7JAWn-hCQ45DkkhXs5lFlEox6BGT77Ab0_H_wBdh4Y1g/w400-h249/Picture13.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lock Haven Levee and
William Clinger Riverwalk in 2014. </span></i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">In the process
of preparing for the new levee to be built archaeological surveys were
performed, which is how the West Water Street site (36Cn0175) was found. Additional
excavations were conducted on the site, resulting in the discovery of artifacts
and features spanning from the Paleoindian period (10,000- 16,000 years ago)
through the Contact period (about 300-450 years ago). Features such as house
patterns, post molds, a stockade, hearths, and storage pits were all found on
the site. Numerous forms of projectile points and pottery, clay pipe fragments
and stone tools, spanning the long period of time this site had been in use,
were all recovered. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9VRRx3nvfPUDb0q5Fp2OLqNSodSn-bsMfCBSISQhzNgFbFxh4vz4cms-nCJgQ7giO2OyvEQ19ZOWXtrjlwnozBjjfbS0d7eXkuxjUy9sdM2VsB54WKMVs1vkJlEChmcUC2UgX-HtquUlmHU-y-ttkpoeqp2JJjSeKG8PGRii9rhbHxtjON5RYfQed2w/s1059/Picture14.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1028" data-original-width="1059" height="389" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9VRRx3nvfPUDb0q5Fp2OLqNSodSn-bsMfCBSISQhzNgFbFxh4vz4cms-nCJgQ7giO2OyvEQ19ZOWXtrjlwnozBjjfbS0d7eXkuxjUy9sdM2VsB54WKMVs1vkJlEChmcUC2UgX-HtquUlmHU-y-ttkpoeqp2JJjSeKG8PGRii9rhbHxtjON5RYfQed2w/w400-h389/Picture14.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="Default"><span style="color: white;"><i><span color="windowtext" style="font-size: 10pt;">Late </span></i><i><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Archaic </span></i><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(4850BP - 6850BP)
<i>to</i></span><i><span color="windowtext" style="font-size: 10pt;"> Mid</span></i><i><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">dle Woodland (</span></i><span color="windowtext" face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1000BP – 2400BP) </span><i><span color="windowtext" style="font-size: 10pt;">projectile points recovered from the
West Water Street site, 36Cn175. </span></i><i><span color="windowtext" style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Image
from the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.</span></i></span><i><span color="windowtext" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxjDaMlPKoioXUgSxKCvWhH9TM0bpaqyp-z7tyBJdTNgoAZ7lavfxp1_t1bNDrNU6_2E81CHG8rE4Del-BKfaLglLyB3kfHHG9GMHS4p-vdjlOMI5uQuVSd5bvblaD4tRjorSLUYRDbSZiJVS6RWSy4ui_BWnz9pHg6MQdxUg-cN9W8NKBNdtEVGlemA/s836/Picture15.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="710" data-original-width="836" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxjDaMlPKoioXUgSxKCvWhH9TM0bpaqyp-z7tyBJdTNgoAZ7lavfxp1_t1bNDrNU6_2E81CHG8rE4Del-BKfaLglLyB3kfHHG9GMHS4p-vdjlOMI5uQuVSd5bvblaD4tRjorSLUYRDbSZiJVS6RWSy4ui_BWnz9pHg6MQdxUg-cN9W8NKBNdtEVGlemA/w400-h340/Picture15.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="Default"><i><span color="windowtext" style="color: white; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pottery recovered from the Clemson Island (450- 1100 years ago)
living surface at the West Water Street site, 36Cn175. Image from the
collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania.</span></i><i><span color="windowtext" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">Flooding is a continual issue for Pennsylvania and erosion continues
to play a serious role in the loss of archaeological resources. Thanks to the landowners,
amateur archaeologists, and professional archaeologists alike, our cultural
heritage is being recorded and preserved. Numerous sites, beyond what are
listed here, have been recorded thanks to these dedicated individuals. Please
help us continue to preserve our past for the future by <a href="https://www.phmc.pa.gov/Preservation/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">contacting your StateHistoric Preservation Office</a> (SHPO) with any information regarding cultural resources and their locations. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Our series on Agnes will continue over the coming weeks as
we move across the Commonwealth and into the Lower Susquehanna Valley. If you missed our Learn at Lunch program on
the impact of Agnes on cultural resources, you can <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Gyvdh73kJM" target="_blank">watch the recorded program</a>. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>References:<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Bressler,
James P.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">1978 Excavation of the Bull Run Site in
Loyalsock Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. Report submitted to Pennsylvania
Department of Transportation Montoursville, Pennsylvania.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Custer,
Jay F., Scott C. Watson, and Daniel N Bailey<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">1994 <i>Data Recovery Investigations of
the West Water Street Site 36Cn175 Lock Haven, Clinton County, Pennsylvania.</i>
Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District. On file at The
State Museum of Pennsylvania, Section of Archaeology. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Douts, C.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">1976
36Da30: Berrier Island Pennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey Form. PA-Share, https://share.phmc.pa.gov/pashare.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Grumbine,
Frank<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">2017 Inundation of the Heartland Tropical Storm
Agnes and the Landscape of the Susquehanna Valley. Electronic document, https://pa-history.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Grumbine-Pencak-Paper-2017.pdf,
accessed June 3, 2022.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">National
Weather Service<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">2017 Hurricane Agnes: The 45<sup>th</sup>
Anniversary. Electronic document, <a href="https://www.weather.gov/ctp/Agnes">https://www.weather.gov/ctp/Agnes</a>, accessed
June 23, 2022.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white;">North Atlantic Division Corps of Engineers, <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">1989 <i><span style="background: white;">1989 Water Resources Development in Pennsylvania</span></i><span style="background: white;">. Report on file at the University of
Virginia Law Library.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white;">Smith, Ira F.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="background: white;">1977</span><span style="background: white;"> </span><span style="background: white;">The Susquehanna River Valley Archaeological Survey. <i>Pennsylvania
Archaeology 47(4):27-29.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i> </i></p><p class="MsoNormal">Turnbaugh, William H.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">1972a 36Cn44:
Pennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey Form. PA-Share, https://share.phmc.pa.gov/pashare.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Turnbaugh, William H.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">1972b 36Cn49:
Pennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey Form. PA-Share, https://share.phmc.pa.gov/pashare.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i> </i></p><p class="MsoNormal">Turnbaugh, William H.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">1972c 36Ly146:
Pennsylvania Archaeological Site Survey Form. PA-Share, https://share.phmc.pa.gov/pashare.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Turnbaugh,
William H.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">1977 <i>Man, Land And Time: The Cultural
Prehistory and Demographic Patterns of North-Central Pennsylvania.</i> The
Lycoming County Historical Society.<i> </i>UNIGRAPHIC, INC., Evansville,
Indiana.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-761165970764855482022-06-22T22:34:00.006-04:002022-06-22T22:34:55.600-04:00Tropical Storm Agnes - Focus on the Forks of the Delaware<div><br /></div><div><p class="MsoNormal">We are continuing our series examining the impact of
Tropical Storm Agnes as it blanketed regions of Pennsylvania with heavy
rainfall in June of 1972. This week’s blog focuses on the area of eastern Pennsylvania
sometimes referred to as the Forks of the Delaware. From grade school days we
all hopefully remember that the Delaware River is what gives the distinctive
shape to Pennsylvania’s eastern border with neighboring New Jersey. Flowing
from the northwest, the Lehigh and Schuylkill rivers are the main tributaries,
or “forks”, of the Delaware River. The Lackawaxen River, flowing through Wayne
and Pike counties could conceivably be considered a third (and northernmost) major
fork of the Delaware. <o:p></o:p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBSn43v02fW1QKQ686tnv1FWjHySgNRGqD6at50naOLDKc78dg2I75tJQb86isWr2bpxJA2kP6hHwGqa1oSONn4TvqjQjRjqR4g29BhRMs9Ubq_TNZHIX-VSERBFR4q4yg-P4_saNzoehzR29EvfC1EsNwmt0LhYk2CcEvLsRPP3Umq7OtshZ4SRwsmA/s1044/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1044" data-original-width="788" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBSn43v02fW1QKQ686tnv1FWjHySgNRGqD6at50naOLDKc78dg2I75tJQb86isWr2bpxJA2kP6hHwGqa1oSONn4TvqjQjRjqR4g29BhRMs9Ubq_TNZHIX-VSERBFR4q4yg-P4_saNzoehzR29EvfC1EsNwmt0LhYk2CcEvLsRPP3Umq7OtshZ4SRwsmA/w303-h400/Picture1.png" width="303" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Delaware River Basin– Image credit USACOE website</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">In George Donehoo’s book, <i>A History of the Indian
Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania,</i> he notes that the name Lehigh is
an English corruption of a German abbreviation (Lecha) of the Delaware word Lechauwekink,
meaning “at the forks” or “where there are forks” (pg. 89).</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">The headwaters of the Lehigh River originate in the
Glaciated Pocono Plateau Section of the Appalachian Plateaus Physiographic
Province. This area roughly corresponds with what early maps identify as the
“Great Swamp”. Today we recognize this area as one of Pennsylvania’s outdoor
vacation hotspots, the Poconos. Much like the Schuylkill does just above
Hamburg, the Leigh works its way from the north through the Kittatinny Ridge below
the town of Palmerton.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5wSy7pT9Pdmoj6m_kiaQZ61UkMc2F8zQGJc0unXb3lxTwsgRRITZsIkVwtFBTFMCLgbhLPppWvlrLPiaIWh7R8_miTQmkSzs8kQ5ChSUO08Cn_nwoWufkSD2Hn92jSTMueCCeV__MMNvEGx8I-W7b5t2xIERbnKS3ghWDOm8ZZQJSlUjfhYDeFkLVSg/s1430/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1430" data-original-width="953" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5wSy7pT9Pdmoj6m_kiaQZ61UkMc2F8zQGJc0unXb3lxTwsgRRITZsIkVwtFBTFMCLgbhLPppWvlrLPiaIWh7R8_miTQmkSzs8kQ5ChSUO08Cn_nwoWufkSD2Hn92jSTMueCCeV__MMNvEGx8I-W7b5t2xIERbnKS3ghWDOm8ZZQJSlUjfhYDeFkLVSg/w266-h400/Picture2.png" width="266" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal">Great Swamp – detail of map from Wallace’s <i>Indian Paths
of Pennsylvania</i><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">From the Lehigh Gap south, the river serves as the boundary
between Lehigh and Northampton Counties until the borough of Catasauqua. Also
similar to the Schuylkill, the Lehigh’s course shifts from south to east when its
waters encounter the South Mountain, a topographic feature that corresponds
with Reading Prong Section of the New England Physiographic Province. From the
county seat Allentown, the Lehigh flows east through Bethlehem and empties into
the Delaware at Easton.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Francis E. Walter Dam, near White Haven, was built in
1961 by the US Army Corps of Engineers and works in conjunction with the later constructed
Beltzville Dam as multi-tiered flood control system for the Lehigh River. According
to the Army Corps’ website, it is accredited with preventing 233 million
dollars’ worth of flood damage, presumably the lion’s share of that estimate
made up from property downstream that was spared the wrath of Agnes. The
success of the dam in mitigating severe flooding further downstream is also
evident in the historical crest data available on NOAA’s website. As measured
at Bethlehem, the top three floods occurred in 1902, 1942 and 1955,
respectively, and at #4 (and more than 3 feet lower than #3) the 1972 Agnes
event.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Constructed prior to the National
Historic Preservation Act of 1966, the F.E. Walter Dam and reservoir did not
initially benefit from a systematic archaeological survey. Later modifications
to the dam did however trigger archaeological surveys in the 1980s. At last
count nearly two dozen prehistoric sites have been identified around the F.E.
Walter Dam project area representing all time periods from Paleo through the
Late Woodland. Nearly four dozen historic sites were also identified, many
relating to the lumber industry that was prevalent in the area during the
mid-19<sup>th</sup> century.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9OOIOBb5mHZ6qhZfoWNFlxRIigRVsERs10dWDQXXsczH9e0KgIMbJV6FY4j1g_MzEFRkFi6MlYCzk2IXOe0Ahvsk5JQrcKbhFZGIapTXM9MpIM3zaKfM_WGH6MdHAtooV1SwO6evAAT-wGCMqP_-NAXpMniilmmbXLjG_rrSxEwq2UoYzqDucCX7OzQ/s1430/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="974" data-original-width="1430" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9OOIOBb5mHZ6qhZfoWNFlxRIigRVsERs10dWDQXXsczH9e0KgIMbJV6FY4j1g_MzEFRkFi6MlYCzk2IXOe0Ahvsk5JQrcKbhFZGIapTXM9MpIM3zaKfM_WGH6MdHAtooV1SwO6evAAT-wGCMqP_-NAXpMniilmmbXLjG_rrSxEwq2UoYzqDucCX7OzQ/w400-h272/Picture3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-size: 9.0pt;">Projectile
points from the Tobyhanna Flats site (36Cr37)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Artifacts collected from the Tobyhanna Flats site, 36Cr37, located at the confluence of the Tobyhanna Creek and Lehigh River, are typical of many of the sites that were identified during the project to make modifications to the F.E. Walter Dam. Relatively low densities of lithic debitage comingled with historic architectural debris and mid-19th through the early 20th century domestic ceramics, iron spikes and other miscellaneous hardware fragments were found to be common occurrences. Some objects of note from 36Cr37 include the projectile points seen above, indicative of the Archaic and Woodland time periods. With a patent date of 1911 legible on the reverse, this mid-20th century brass Boy Scout insignia pin (also recovered from 36Cr37) consists of a familiar eagle with a stars and stripes shield or crest, flanked by two stars imposed over a fleur-de-li symbol, and is associated with a scout achieving the rank of Tenderfoot.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEkzshFj21TtjrOKp-4WNomdCQm3_6HItcmck6y9KBV3dx9BERmEEHmxIdU5OqsBDsAw9y_UFgcG1Qp_0ML5wMK411LAdzvoP1U3G71zdnoyg-6p6eyZhSZMR9P90eZF9eNDjKQ7ehl52jANv2IEYb_qH44E6cOsMonFgX0-GUIBrvXBOAZO9KhF9abw/s1022/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="953" data-original-width="1022" height="373" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEkzshFj21TtjrOKp-4WNomdCQm3_6HItcmck6y9KBV3dx9BERmEEHmxIdU5OqsBDsAw9y_UFgcG1Qp_0ML5wMK411LAdzvoP1U3G71zdnoyg-6p6eyZhSZMR9P90eZF9eNDjKQ7ehl52jANv2IEYb_qH44E6cOsMonFgX0-GUIBrvXBOAZO9KhF9abw/w400-h373/Picture4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Boy Scout
Insignia pin from Tobyhanna Flats site (36Cr37)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Shifting our focus slightly to the west, the tributaries of
the Schuylkill begin their journey towards the Delaware Bay in the Upland
Anthracite Section of the Ridge and Valley Physiographic Province that
encompasses the central portion (roughly half) of Schuylkill County. The
eastern boundary of the Schuylkill watershed includes tributaries draining
portions of western Lehigh and Bucks counties, while the western edge of the
Schuylkill watershed, extending into the eastern corner of Lebanon County,
represents the boundary between water flowing west into the Susquehanna and
ultimately the Chesapeake Bay, and water making its way east draining into the
Delaware Bay.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">Flowing south through the Kittatinny Ridge, or Blue Mountain
as it is alternately referred, the Schuylkill tracts southeast at the Berks
County seat of Reading. Continuing along its course, the Schuylkill serves
partly as the boundary between Chester and Montgomery Counties as it meanders
past towns like Pottstown, Phoenixville, and Conshohocken. PA route 422 roughly
parallels the Schuylkill from Reading to King of Prussia, and the Schuylkill then
finally meets the Delaware River in a heavily industrialized south
Philadelphia, between the international airport and the Philadelphia Navy Yard.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">For the Schuylkill, the Agnes flood is still considered the
worst natural disaster in Berks County. NOAA’s flood records as measured at
Reading corroborate these sentiments with the 1972 crest holding the top spot
at 31.3 feet, with the second highest crest a distant 7.5 feet lower. The
reader is directed to the website <a href="https://berksnostalgia.com/hurricane-agnes-1972-berks-county-reading-pa" target="_blank">Berk’s County Nostalgia</a>,
which has done an excellent job of compiling contemporary newspaper clippings
and photographs that capture the magnitude of the flooding in Reading and the
surrounding area.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">Unfortunately, work to build a dam across the Tulpehocken,
the Schuylkill’s westernmost tributary, that would impound the waters to become
Blue Marsh Lake, would not begin until 1974. However, a systematic
archaeological survey was able to be conducted in 1976, with over two dozen
sites being identified through controlled surface collection and shovel testing,
six of which were recommended as being eligible for inclusion to the National
Register of Historic Places for their potential to yield new and important
information about the prehistory of the region.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> A short article
written by Ron Devlin in 2013 for the Reading Eagle entitled <i>The Land down
under at Blue Marsh Lake </i>focuses on the impact on the residents who were
displaced from their farmsteads and homes to make way for the new lake. Much
history was lost, but the preservation minded community was successful in
having the Gruber Wagon Works building moved to higher ground. A National
Historic Landmark, now restored and with guided tours available, this late 19<sup>th</sup>
– early 20<sup>th</sup> century wagon workshop today sits on the grounds of the
<a href="https://www.co.berks.pa.us/Dept/Parks/Pages/HeritageCenter.aspx" target="_blank">Berks County Heritage Center</a>. This unique structure is
also featured in The State Museum of Pennsylvania’s gallery of Anthropology and
Archaeology.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeQa_ZftVldnNT9lBxiztyZq7yneQR35sabxp9cewKyFuHwI9sxrA2tuxlHnA6udmTpEH_ILg8ltwPx_nonSYdmIWxfc1YPbcX50aKda7Sr69THlcKI6h_Voa7lMFT1E5piiC8CiVXA8f-2Tesd9zosQAoVEca3SsKJbD2bjvU5OJbz-7X0MvasaPWFA/s1940/Picture5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1940" data-original-width="796" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeQa_ZftVldnNT9lBxiztyZq7yneQR35sabxp9cewKyFuHwI9sxrA2tuxlHnA6udmTpEH_ILg8ltwPx_nonSYdmIWxfc1YPbcX50aKda7Sr69THlcKI6h_Voa7lMFT1E5piiC8CiVXA8f-2Tesd9zosQAoVEca3SsKJbD2bjvU5OJbz-7X0MvasaPWFA/w164-h400/Picture5.png" width="164" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Gruber
Wagon Works exhibit panel, State Museum of Pennsylvania Anthropology and
Archaeology gallery<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">We hope you’ve enjoyed this brief overview of the Schuylkill
and Lehigh Rivers, the impacts of Agnes, and preservation efforts connected to
major flood control projects for these tributaries of the Delaware River in
Pennsylvania. Be sure to catch the next blog as we look at flooding in the central
region of the Susquehanna River valley.
Please join us on June 24<sup>th</sup>, 2022 for <a href="http://statemuseumpa.org/event/cc-agnes/" target="_blank">Learn at Lunchtime</a> with Curator,
Janet Johnson as she discusses the impact of Agnes on the cultural resources of
the Commonwealth and highlights some of the archaeological sites explored in
this blog series. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>References:</b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Donehoo, George P.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">A History of Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennyslvania<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Wennawoods Publishing Lewisburg, PA (1999)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Kinsey III, W. Fred<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Archaeological Survey and Evaluation of Blue Marsh Lake, Pennsylvania<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">North Museum Publication No. 3, Franklin and Marshall
College (1976)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Wallace, Paul A. W.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Indian Paths of Pennsylvania<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg
(1971 second printing)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Army Corps of Engineers websites:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.nap.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Beltzville-Dam/" target="_blank">https://www.nap.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Beltzville-Dam/</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.nap.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Francis-E-Walter-Dam/" target="_blank">https://www.nap.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Francis-E-Walter-Dam/</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.nap.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Blue-Marsh-Lake/" target="_blank">https://www.nap.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Blue-Marsh-Lake/<o:p></o:p></a></p><p class="MsoNormal">Berks County Heritage Center website:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.co.berks.pa.us/Dept/Parks/Pages/HeritageCenter.aspx" target="_blank">https://www.co.berks.pa.us/Dept/Parks/Pages/HeritageCenter.aspx</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Berks Nostalgia website:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://berksnostalgia.com/hurricane-agnes-1972-berks-county-reading-pa" target="_blank">https://berksnostalgia.com/hurricane-agnes-1972-berks-county-reading-pa</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">NOAA flood data websites:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=phi&gage=rdrp1" name="_Hlk105667144">https://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=phi&gage=rdrp1</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://water/weather.gov/ahps2/hyrdograph.php?wfo=phi&gage=betp1" target="_blank">https://water/weather.gov/ahps2/hyrdograph.php?wfo=phi&gage=betp1</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5273973168996380531.post-26299813966701202512022-05-29T09:15:00.002-04:002022-05-29T09:15:43.771-04:00From Sayre to Sunbury: The Agnes Flood and its Impact on Cultural Resources<div><p class="MsoNormal">The 1972 Agnes flood affected the lives of thousands of
people in the Upper Susquehanna Valley. People perished, personal, commercial, and
municipal properties destroyed or otherwise altering the local economies resulted
in billions of dollars in lost revenue and cost reconstruction. As well, the removal
and redeposition of soils from Agnes’ wrath was destructive to archaeological
and historical resources from Sayre to Sunbury and beyond.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9tnbnTxXw-RyUqmQMUwYgDdfcIXnHp8CdtBZzoDNOIF3eMP-jwfn77PT3d0hY8AisvohTBgsPw3iLXUmMRiY2wpQCX5-WCHV8yuLt6i5q0F28VAy1ppXzQVw_sdn8_kgptYV4nkiyH9dz97huJWD2cZQ00Vc5hqIyM8idvquZjUgx4PYAzAkPLembmQ/s1428/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="952" data-original-width="1428" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9tnbnTxXw-RyUqmQMUwYgDdfcIXnHp8CdtBZzoDNOIF3eMP-jwfn77PT3d0hY8AisvohTBgsPw3iLXUmMRiY2wpQCX5-WCHV8yuLt6i5q0F28VAy1ppXzQVw_sdn8_kgptYV4nkiyH9dz97huJWD2cZQ00Vc5hqIyM8idvquZjUgx4PYAzAkPLembmQ/w400-h266/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoCaption"><i><span style="color: white;">Figure 1. Upper
Susquehanna Valley affected by Agnes</span></i><span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal">In early July, only weeks
after the 1972 flood, a Native American Indian site was discovered by amateur
archaeologists on the Sheshequin Flats located down river from the Sayre/Athens
area. The Sheshequin location forms part of a series of sites previously
identified in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century by river expeditions. Historic documents identify the <a href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=43523" target="_blank">Sheshequin Path</a> which ran from the Lycoming Valley to
Towanda Creek as an important foot path developed by the tribes of this region
and later utilized by settlers. Historic accounts of the Moravian Mission (1769-1772)
located at present-day Ulster, Bradford County recorded evacuation of the
village for a few days due to flooding in 1771. The Moravians left the village
in 1772 and led a group of followers west to the Allegheny River. Among them
were the two sons and a nephew of Teedyuscung, an important Delaware leader and
negotiator. The rich cultural heritage
of this area was exposed as the result of Agnes’s destruction.</p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -11.65pt;">Over a three-week period, the
archaeologists uncovered pottery and clay pipe fragments, stone arrow points
and other prehistoric objects of the Late Woodland period (AD. 900 – AD. 1500).
The artifacts lay on the surface of the flood scoured area adjacent to the active
channel of the Susquehanna River. Concurrently, archaeological remains were
also found by local artifact collectors on Queen Esther’s Flats and on the
broad floodplain formed by Tioga Point at the juncture of the Chemung River and
North Branch Susquehanna River. Diagnostic artifacts from these other sources
were representative of the Late Archaic/Transitional (4000 BCE – 2000 BCE) through
the Late Woodland AD. 900 – AD. 1500) periods.<span style="background: yellow; mso-highlight: yellow;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSVQUVjIg9T9GDqIp9kT-1dp9irUGn8rpUD_RaJndhqfaqso9gXyfeNcFZ8creb9MhfcGS91KTyME9su8JcaNmT7kwB_Uiwb5JUW2SX19g4B1ro_H6ylkzm0hu5tIGhESsVdINNMktQjHxPufqJg3DI1MdNAhZF9XQD0j9z5C-1M6Y_Sv0zPslzCK_Lg/s592/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="436" data-original-width="592" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSVQUVjIg9T9GDqIp9kT-1dp9irUGn8rpUD_RaJndhqfaqso9gXyfeNcFZ8creb9MhfcGS91KTyME9su8JcaNmT7kwB_Uiwb5JUW2SX19g4B1ro_H6ylkzm0hu5tIGhESsVdINNMktQjHxPufqJg3DI1MdNAhZF9XQD0j9z5C-1M6Y_Sv0zPslzCK_Lg/w400-h295/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoCaption"><span style="color: white;">Figure 2.
Susquehannock pot fragment (<a href="https://americanindian.si.edu/collections-search/objects/NMAI_57369?destination=edan_searchtab%3Fpage%3D3%26edan_q%3DContainers%2520and%2520Vessels%26edan_fq%255B0%255D%3Dmedia_usage%253A%2522Usage%2520conditions%2520apply%2522%26edan_fq%255B1%255D%3Dobject_type%253A%2522Vessel%2520fragment/Potsherd%2522" target="_blank">photo: Smithsonian Institution</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -11.65pt;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -11.65pt;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoLy8fA7RBncq1kR1nEy14FvurJd8Vm3va3GLFjga8AZ1ZYfAhi_hpZylg5pIgnSLekKEjUjJL7nwdNp89P0y2NNQXq0rGqrGQkHKp2Qb8wmoNoyNxF3BgvpgTCu8CkorSKvWkOXkoHmzRalz4hoVQUpPiWAuutFpW3UUNQ8vUuXu6m-snYgFesEkfTQ/s1430/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1430" data-original-width="952" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoLy8fA7RBncq1kR1nEy14FvurJd8Vm3va3GLFjga8AZ1ZYfAhi_hpZylg5pIgnSLekKEjUjJL7nwdNp89P0y2NNQXq0rGqrGQkHKp2Qb8wmoNoyNxF3BgvpgTCu8CkorSKvWkOXkoHmzRalz4hoVQUpPiWAuutFpW3UUNQ8vUuXu6m-snYgFesEkfTQ/w266-h400/Picture3.png" width="266" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: right;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: right;"><div style="text-align: center;"><i style="color: white;">Figure 3. Artifacts recovered from the Sheshequin, Queen Esther's Flats, and Tioga Point.</i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white;"><i>Image from the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania</i></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -11.65pt;">The broad floodplain from
Pittston to Nanticoke, Pennsylvania geographically known as the Wyoming Valley,
suffered massive inundation and destruction by the flood waters of Agnes. The
damage was so severe at the river town of Forty Fort, Luzerne County, that the
earthen dike gave way, destroying a cemetery containing many graves. The stone
monument erected in memory of the deceased reads:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 19.85pt; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 7.5in;"><i>“On the afternoon of Friday June 23,
1972, the Susquehanna River swollen by the flood waters of unprecedented height
broke through the dike at a point 120 yards south of this site. The swirling
water gouged a four-acre chasm out of the heart of the cemetery displacing
approximately 2500 burials. This park is dedicated by the Forty Fort Cemetery
Association to the memory of those whose gravesites vanished in that singular
catastrophe” <o:p></o:p></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;">Wilkes Barre was hit hard by
the Agnes flood where the river rose above the 42-foot mark - the impact was
devastating. The Archaeology Laboratory and the artifact storage areas at Kings
College were completely submerged. Water damage to the facility was significant
with the irreparable loss of artifacts and field/lab records from Kings
College’s early archaeological investigations at the Kennedy (36BR0043) and
Friedenshutten sites in Bradford County. Friedenshutten was founded in 1752 as
a Delaware settlement and by 1763, David Zeisberger a Moravian missionary had constructed
a church within the village. The site was home to the Delaware and Shawnee
tribes until it was abandoned in 1772 during removal of the tribes to Ohio. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -11.65pt;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;">Several other archaeological
sites previously spared by floods located near the town of Plains were wiped
out leaving no traces of their presence.
After the flood the artifacts housed at the Kings College repository
were transferred to Bradford County where they are now under curation at the Wyalusing
Valley Museum Association.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7-2lCtolkEzbSWrG0dZTa7JMEgwkZv3IUyRIXH5Tvoss-kuNegLiwo0bf6RSoGa2M88EuTkbM7AsLUYOb-A2w_kLGHU0lUutAuqTU1g_8bDBMgpnLo0aIBWAvyYuWeGbseshHjFG8wIk-d3AScCvk9x0WiVGD_tJTyKvEoCWQR5iccTOlVYmGxUndHQ/s480/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="480" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7-2lCtolkEzbSWrG0dZTa7JMEgwkZv3IUyRIXH5Tvoss-kuNegLiwo0bf6RSoGa2M88EuTkbM7AsLUYOb-A2w_kLGHU0lUutAuqTU1g_8bDBMgpnLo0aIBWAvyYuWeGbseshHjFG8wIk-d3AScCvk9x0WiVGD_tJTyKvEoCWQR5iccTOlVYmGxUndHQ/w400-h263/Picture4.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoCaption"><i><span style="color: white;">Figure 4.
Wilkes/King's College during the Agnes flood of 1972 (photo: Wilkes.edu)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtHTU0F5VRGIsknvpHTkZTUV1f1PhRgPM_94N4c7EJQbgp8DvSeVp2KyoQbpY9ADYIJplSzV0NmuWS2C9I0FfkgRO_i0xofyE8l9J_dGOMiEke_Ynd9WY3n4vEPSRMjTYLLD8aQUQMSWRC2yYXTLEPYiHDDMlOg5IQGw9lADxs9f3CSM7qy0SGlsFjpQ/s923/Picture5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="697" data-original-width="923" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtHTU0F5VRGIsknvpHTkZTUV1f1PhRgPM_94N4c7EJQbgp8DvSeVp2KyoQbpY9ADYIJplSzV0NmuWS2C9I0FfkgRO_i0xofyE8l9J_dGOMiEke_Ynd9WY3n4vEPSRMjTYLLD8aQUQMSWRC2yYXTLEPYiHDDMlOg5IQGw9lADxs9f3CSM7qy0SGlsFjpQ/w400-h303/Picture5.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Figure 5. Before and after images of the King's College archaeology laboratory due to flooding caused by Agnes.<br />Image credit: D. Leonard Corgan Library</i></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;">The archaeological sites impacted by the Agnes Flood south
of the Wyoming Valley on the floodplain of the North Branch are not well
documented beyond the information derived from first - hand accounts of surface
collectors. Numerous archaeological
sites near Northumberland, Pennsylvania were also inundated. The Central
Builders site(36NB0117) located a short distance south from Danville,
Pennsylvania was one of the sites frequently hunted by artifact collectors.
There, stone projectile points affiliated with the Early Archaic (9000 BCE)
through Late Woodland (AD. 900 – AD. 1500) period were recovered. Years after
the Agnes flood ripped through the valley, investigations conducted by the
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission uncovered a deeply stratified multicomponent
archaeological deposit at the Central Builders site demonstrating the
importance of such sites containing very old Native American occupations.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiquJLtzfYmqW1yVvYOLIo2mNJpC9RQM44xJOUBL4njcep5jMZeCi-Ay0lK_cLnfkokJ7cbvZSn_G7i3knGVMMXCv9IL_Uip-dawqxcSdoZ6WYIUyx_RW9gbpac9eGAn4b1sl2XtPAeqfzfzLntDUh4CFsNnUXfRAeLYIdwkxZjl7Jfya5pfG8OMzXOGQ/s1162/Picture6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1162" data-original-width="775" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiquJLtzfYmqW1yVvYOLIo2mNJpC9RQM44xJOUBL4njcep5jMZeCi-Ay0lK_cLnfkokJ7cbvZSn_G7i3knGVMMXCv9IL_Uip-dawqxcSdoZ6WYIUyx_RW9gbpac9eGAn4b1sl2XtPAeqfzfzLntDUh4CFsNnUXfRAeLYIdwkxZjl7Jfya5pfG8OMzXOGQ/w266-h400/Picture6.png" width="266" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoCaption"><i><span style="color: white;">Figure 6.
Riverbank cut at Central Builder's site showing stratigraphic deposits from flooding.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5rcQk9vj86i3QkXhglm9oPHhv3mQJfhbnatVu3pfEYbOFA7D3B7hqrf9ls8zJmWJAfxhUreegyyCdaRnGrA-zRnAA-uZoau2p2d-wgR_EtsDryQywa4e-KTgGl6Fw-XsQxT4S4q85YGnX0aAtzsiMkIxpM6TeRUxWUV7zn5nY4y37KGPnZmRwPHuoFw/s1100/Picture7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="1100" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5rcQk9vj86i3QkXhglm9oPHhv3mQJfhbnatVu3pfEYbOFA7D3B7hqrf9ls8zJmWJAfxhUreegyyCdaRnGrA-zRnAA-uZoau2p2d-wgR_EtsDryQywa4e-KTgGl6Fw-XsQxT4S4q85YGnX0aAtzsiMkIxpM6TeRUxWUV7zn5nY4y37KGPnZmRwPHuoFw/w400-h269/Picture7.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 7. Early Archaic Kirk projectile point found in situ at the Central Builder's site(36NB0117).<br />Images from the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU_wBe_rrfZlzA0kp9syXs6mYYzquQkGkNZ54_RseafVYWsGobijsLx8gjGmVYGy2m7Ws2-XFiabReb-Fnkg3Styee7hV2GSoh58l0ocmzLyDOLOxCDEylgc8FBq8lDasM9LdOXILXqnN4ffFOktf-GmTnH2AtuHBCI3pLkrq-8T0PMhGjg-5v_yPJvA/s329/Picture8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="307" data-original-width="329" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU_wBe_rrfZlzA0kp9syXs6mYYzquQkGkNZ54_RseafVYWsGobijsLx8gjGmVYGy2m7Ws2-XFiabReb-Fnkg3Styee7hV2GSoh58l0ocmzLyDOLOxCDEylgc8FBq8lDasM9LdOXILXqnN4ffFOktf-GmTnH2AtuHBCI3pLkrq-8T0PMhGjg-5v_yPJvA/w400-h374/Picture8.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoCaption"><i><span style="color: white;">Figure 8. Kirk point from image above after cleaning
and cataloging<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;">Downstream from the Central Builders site, flood waters scoured
and reshaped the river islands between Berwick and Danville. Significant damage
caused by flooding at the north end of Packers Island exposed the remains of a
Late Woodland site where surface hunters found the remains of pit features,
sherds of pottery and stone projectile points.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;"><br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4Rz38SGs4-nu5dqp8b1Sg1YjNwFVW51jdXS9gXVBseOnAheekJ46ocPYgod-s9B-3NUC83h4jBQs-UDQj_E2sjRC4RYslLo6F7HU0Ja86jJ5OwIOV0FKawYZkR5mlCSl0_Ps-eZ5XDqQj-HviuFGEFV2MU5vKmW6jY-DgtGE9P4XMp05PunL-4DTYQQ/s1172/Picture9.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="952" data-original-width="1172" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4Rz38SGs4-nu5dqp8b1Sg1YjNwFVW51jdXS9gXVBseOnAheekJ46ocPYgod-s9B-3NUC83h4jBQs-UDQj_E2sjRC4RYslLo6F7HU0Ja86jJ5OwIOV0FKawYZkR5mlCSl0_Ps-eZ5XDqQj-HviuFGEFV2MU5vKmW6jY-DgtGE9P4XMp05PunL-4DTYQQ/w400-h325/Picture9.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 9. Ceramic and lithic artifacts from Packer's Island(36NB0075)<br />Image from the collections of The State Museum of Pennsylvania</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;">Flooding at the confluence of the Susquehanna’s West Branch
and North branches created a pooling effect raising the flood stage to a record
of 35.80 feet, a record for the Susquehanna River Valley.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal">This has been the third installment of TWIPA’s blog on the
Agnes flood and archaeological sites in Pennsylvania. Please join us next time
for more on Agnes and its impact on archaeological sites and the discovery of
sites from flood management projects implemented after Agnes. The series will continue through the month of
June and the anniversary of this event. A <a href="http://statemuseumpa.org/event/cc-agnes/" target="_blank">Learn at Lunchtime</a> with Curator, Janet Johnson will discuss the impact of Agnes on
the cultural resources of the Commonwealth and highlight archaeological sites
explored in this blog series. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>References</b><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Delaney, Leslie L., Jr.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">1973 <i> Search for Friedenshutten 1772-1972, A
Bicentennial Archaeological and Historical Project Report for Northeastern Pennsylvania</i>,
Cro Woods Publishing, Wyoming, PA<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>Donehoo, George P.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">1928 A History of the Indian Villages and
Place Names in Pennsylvania. Harrisburg.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> n.d. The
Historical Marker Database, HMdb.org. Forty Fort Cemetery Lost Graves Memorial. <a href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=105296" target="_blank">https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=105296</a>
<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">n.d. Native History of the Wyoming Valley,
Christianity and Colonization, Friedenshutten Mission<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://digitalprojects.scranton.edu" target="_blank">https://digitalprojects.scranton.edu</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"> Wallace, Paul A.W.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">1965 Indian Paths of Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Harrisburg.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;"> </p></div>For more information, visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PAarchaeology.state.pa.us </a> or the Hall of Anthropology and Archaeology at <a href="http://www.statemuseumpa.org">The State Museum of Pennsylvania </a>.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Visit <a href="http://www.paarchaeology.state.pa.us"> PA Archaeology </a> for more information.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0